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AUTHOR: 


LIVIUS,  TITUS 


TITLE: 


LIVY,  THE  HANNIBALIAN 
WAR... 

PLACE: 

LONDON 

DA  IE : 

1910 


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PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARGET 


Master  Negative  # 


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r 


87LR 
IF102 


lib.  21-22.  1910. 
Livius,  Titus. 

lAvy,   the  Hannibalian  war:  beinp  o-irt  «f  tu 
twentv_f-?T'Q+  •.»,-j  4.   J.     '   oexng  part  or  the 

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ELEMENTARY  CLASSICS 


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LIVY 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR 


MACMILLAN  AND  CO.,  Limited 

LONDON  •  BOMBAY  •  CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE   MACMILLAN    COMPANY 

NEW   YORK    •    BOSTON    •   CHICAGO 
ATLANTA    •   SAN    FRANCISCO 

THE  MACMILLAN  CO.   OF  CANADA,   Ltd. 

TORONTO 


MAP   OF   HANNroAi;S    ROUTE 


Mtuxmlay'a  l-iyy ■ 


Loudoii,  Miuiuilkiu i(0o.  LV^ 


SUtnfonrili  Geog'^Estah'^Latidon. 


Clemcntarn  Classics 


Livy 


The    Hannibalian    War 

Being  part  of  the  Twenty-first  and 
Twenty-second  Books  of  Livy 


Adapted  for  the  Use  of  Beginner's  by 

G.  C.  Macaulay,  M.A. 

Late  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Camhridtje 


WITH   VOCABULARY 


MACMILLAN   AND   CO.,    LIMITED 
ST.    MARTIN'S    STREET,    LONDON 

1910 


First  Edition  1880. 

Reprinted  1882,  1888,  1885,  1880,  1889,  1891, 

1895,  1896,  1903. 

Re-isflue,  with  illustrations  1902. 

Reprinted  1902,  1906. 

Second  Edition  1908. 

Reprinted  1910. 


OLA800W  :    PRINTED  AT  THE   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
BY  ROBERT  MACLKHOSE   AND  CO.    LTD. 


K<»MAN    Li:(;i(»N.\!:ii;s. 


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I    A''  /><  I    } II   th<     Lini 


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II'  fuliitii  iim  .mil   tzriHiiiil   :iii'  iiinuiii.ii  v 


i 


PREFACE. 


This  book  is  not  a  selection  of  extracts,  nor  is  it  an 
edition  of  any  part  of  the  actual  text  of  Livy.     It 
does  not  seem  to  me  possible,  judging  from  my  own 
experience  in  teaching,  to  use  any  part  of  the  text 
of  I.ivy  as  it  stands,  in  the  lower  forms  of  schools, 
for  which  I  understand  this  series  is  designed.     The 
(b'fficulties  of  his  rather  rhetorical  and  fanciful  style 
will  hardly  be  absent  in  any  extracts.     At  the  same 
time  everyone  who  has  had  practical  experience  in 
teaching    must    be    aware    of    the    want   of    Latin 
reading-books    fit   for   elementary  teaching.     Caesar 
is  often  too  difficult  for  beginners,  Cornelius  Xepos 
is  not  satisfactory  in  style,  and  hardly  any  others 
can   be   mentioned.     It  seemed   to  me   that  thou^'-h 

T    •  •  ^ 

lAvy  as  It  stands  is  unfit  for  the  purpose,  yet  out 
of  it  a  fairly  satisfactory  book  nn'ght  be  made, 
and  that  a  contiruious  narrative  of  a  not  very  Ion*' 
period  of  history  was  likely  to  be  more  interesting 
and  useful  than  either  disconnected  extracts  or 
meagre  summaries.  Accordingly  the  text  of  Livy 
has    here    been    largely   re-wiitten    and    simplified, 


VI 


PREFACE. 


PREFACE. 


Vll 


and  this  is  the  part  of  the  work  on  which  most 
hibour  has  been  expended  and  to  which  much  the 
most  importance  is  attached.  Besides  this,  details 
have  occasionally  been  added  from  Polybius  (the 
excellent  version  of  Casaubon  being  sometimes  used 
for  this  purpose) ;  and  in  cases  where  Livy's  account 
seems  to  be  incorrect,  e.g.  the  passage  of  the  Alps 
and  other  points  of  geography,  I  have  ventured 
sometimes  to  omit  or  alter  that  which  causes  diffi 
culty  in  harmonising  his  account  with  others. 
Probably,  on  these  points  at  least,  everyone  will 
agree  with  Niebuhr,  that  where  Livy  differs  from 
Polybius,  his  authority  is  worthless.  For  any  errors 
of  Jjatinity  in  the  text  I  ask  pardon  and  hope  that 
they  may  be  few.  The  division  into  chapters  is,  of 
course,  my  own. 

The  notes  are  rather  copious,  but  I  have  en- 
deavoured always  to  avoid  as  far  as  possible  such 
direct  help  as  would  save  labour  and  thought,  and 
I  have  made  a  point  of  always  where  possible 
giving  references  to  the  grammar  on  points  of 
syntax  instead  of  explaining  them  myself,  though 
the  latter  might  often  have  been  more  easily  done.' 
It  will  often  be  found  that  the  key  to  the  meaning 
of  a  sentence  is  to  be  found  in  a  rule  of  syntax,  and 
I  am  convinced  that  notes  of  this  kind  are  more 
likely  than  any  others  to  stimulate  thought  I  hope 
that  knowledge  of  the  rules  referred  to  will  be 
rigorously   exacted   from   boys   who  use  this  book. 


I 


I  have  added  in  many  cases  the  references  to  Roby's 
'  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools,'  which  I  hope  may  be 
useful  to  teachers  if  not  to  boys.  It  will  be  found 
that  the  references  to  the  grammar  become  rather 
less  frequent  as  the  book  proceeds,  and  I  have  not 
invariably  repeated  them  when  the  same  point  occurs 
many  times. 

I  have  called  attention  where  I  could  to  pecu- 
liarities in  Latin  style  and  idiom,  as  writing  for 
boys  who  are  probably  called  upon  to  do  prose 
composition  as  well  as  translation. 

I  have  to  acknowledge  obligations  throughout  to 
Mr.  W.  W.  Capes,  whose  edition  of  the  21st  and 
22nd  books  I  have  had  always  before  me. 


The  notes  have  now  been  corrected  in  several 
points,  and  the  grammar  references  adapted  to  the 
Ke vised  Latin  Primer. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Introduction ^ 

The  Hannibalian  War  .        .        .        .  i 

Notes gj 

I^^DEX 102 

VoCABirLARY 206 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Map  of  Hannibal's  Route  . 
Roman  Legionaries  (in  Colour)    . 
Roman  Camp 

Map 

Carthaginian  Coin  issued  in  Spain 
Aries  of  Wood,  formerly  at  Saountum  . 
Aries,  from  the  Arch  of  Septimius  Severus 
Catapulta      

TURRIS 

Juno  Lanuvina.  (Statue  in  the  Vatican)  . 
Wearing  the  Toga.  (Statue  at  Dresden)  . 
Juno  Lanuvina.      (Coin  of  L.   Procilius, 

B.C.  79)     . 
Prow  OF  a  Roman  Ship  ofHannibalian  Times 
Juno  Lanuvina  and  an  Augur.    (Coin  of  Q. 

cornuficius,  b.c.  44-42) 
Bronze  Coin,   struck  in   Etruria  during 

THE   HaNNIBALIAN    WaR  . 

Gold  Roman  Coin  of  60  Sesterc;es,  struck 

DURING  THE  HaNNIBALIAN  WaR 

North  Shore  of  Lake  Trasimeno 
Lectisternium.   (Coin  of  C.  Coelius  Caldus, 

B.C.  61) 

Warship   and    Standards.      (Coin    of    M. 

Antonius) 

Pulvinar  for  Lectisternium.    (At  Munich) 


Frontispiece, 
fdcep.  V 
xi 


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Roman  Camp. 
(Schreibtjr- Anderson.) 


INTRODUCTION. 

This  book  treats  of  the  history  of  Rome  from  219  to 
217  B.C.,  rather  more  than  two  years.     At  that  tmie 
Rome  was  mistress  of  "  Italy,"  by  which  name  we 
understand,  not  the  whole  of  modern  Italy,  but  that 
part  of  it  which  lies  south  of  a  line  drawn  from  the 
river  Macra  on  the  west,  to  the  Rubicon  north  of 
Ariminum.     North    of    this    line    was    Gallia    Cis- 
alpina,  and  over  some  of   the  tribes  of  Gauls  who 
inhabited  this  country  Rome  had  lately  established  a 
supremacy,  to   be  maintained   chiefly   by   means  of 
the    colonies   of   Placentia   and   Cremona.      Besides 
this  Rome  had    dominion   over   Sicily,    which  had 
been  won  in  the  First  Punic  War  (264-241  B.C.),  and 
had  been  constituted  a  province.     She  had  also  ni 
her  possession  the  coasts  of  Sardinia  and  Corsica  on 
the  west,  and  on  the  east  she  had  established  her 
supremacy  in  the   Adriatic  over  the  coast  of   Illy- 
ricum  and  the  island  of  Corcyra.     She  had  alliances 
with   the    Greek    colonies    of    Massilia   (Marseilles) 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone,  and  of  Saguntum  and 
Emporiae  in  Spain.     She  could  bring  into  the  field 


Xll 


INTRODUCTION, 


700,000  infantry  and  70,000  cavalry.     Already  the 
foundations  of  the  Roman  Empire  had  been  laid. 

We   may  ask   how  it  came  about   that  a   single 
city,    at   first    neither   larger   than    other    cities    of 
Italy  nor  more  skilled  in  arts  of  war  or  peace,  was 
enabled   to   extend   her   power   so   widely   as    this? 
And  this  question  can  partly  be  answered  without 
going  over  the  whole  ground  of  her  history.     The 
answer   is   to   be    found   first  in    the   physical   geo- 
graphy of  the  country.     If  we  turn  to  the  map  of 
Italy,  we  shall  see  that   the   Apennines   run   down 
the  whole  length  of  the  peninsula,  but  they  do  not 
keep  to  the  centre  of  it.     In  the  north  they  approach 
very  near  the  Adriatic  or  east  coast,  and  run  along 
parallel  to  it  for  about  250   miles,   expanding  into 
broad   table-land,   after  which  the   main   range   ap- 
proaches the  west  coast  leaving  plains  or  low  hills 
on  the  east,  and  so  continues  to  the  southern  extre- 
mity of   the   peninsula.     We  see,    then,    that   wide 
plains   are   left   in    the   north   on   the   west   of   the 
mountains,    and   in   the   south   on    the   east.      The 
former  are  the  plaitis  of  Etruria,  Latium,  and  Cam- 
pania ;  the  latter,  of  Lucania  and  Calabria.     But  we 
observe  also  another  point.     The  west  coast  of  Italy 
is  much  more  indented  with  bays,  and  has  many 
more   islands   than   the   east.     The  rivers  too  have 
a  longer  course,   and  are  therefore  larger.      Hence 
the  conveniences  for  navigation  are   greater.     Add 
to  this  that  the  soil,  partly  from  volcanic  agencies, 


INTRODUCTION' 


xni 


IS  more  fertile,  and  we  perceive  at  once  that  the 
population  of  the  great  western  plains  is  likely 
to  increase  most  in  wealth  and  civilization,  and  to 
obtain  supremacy  over  the  east. 

In  some  countries,  as  in  Greece,  a  large  number 
of  small  States  have  existed  for  a  long  time  side  by 
side   without  being  absorbed  into  one  another.     In 
Greece  this  was  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  were 
separated  from   one   another   by  mountain  barriers 
very  difficult  to  break  through.     But  in  Italy  this 
was  not  the  case:   the  mountains  seldom  form  an 
impassable   barrier,    and   they   do    not    divide    the 
country   into   small   districts,   but    leave    extensive 
plains  on  either  side.     It  was  natural  then  that  the 
various   peoples   who  inhabited   it   should  at   some 
tmie   or   another   be   united    under   a  single   head. 
And  that   ruling  State  was  likely  we  have  seen  to 
come  from  the  rich  country  of  the  west ;  and  in  that 
country  no  city  is  more  central,  or  has  a  more  con- 
venient natural  position,  than  Rome.      Situated  on 
the  Tiber,  the  largest  navigable  river  of  the  penin- 
sula, and  being  on  the  border  between  Etruria  and 
Latium,  her  position  was  most  favourable  for  com- 
merce.    Founded  probably  as  an  outpost  to  guard 
Latium  from  the  attacks  of  the  Etruscans,  she  natu- 
rally gained  a  supremacy  over  the  other  cities  of 
Latium,    whom    she    protected    from    the    common 
enemy ;  and,  though  conquered  at  one  time  by  the 
Etruscans,    who    were    a    highly    civilized    trading 


XIV 


INTRODUCTION, 


people,  she  succeeded  in  preventing  them  from  be- 
coming the  supreme  power  in  Italy.     The  Greeks, 
who  were  the  rivals  of  the  Etruscans  in  those  seas, 
inflicted    severe    naval    defeats    upon    them    about 
474  B.C.,  and  not  many  years  after  this  the  Gauls 
attacked  them  in  the  north,  and  being  then  weak- 
ened they  were  no  longer  able  to  resist  Rome,  who 
subjugated  the  southern  part  of  their  territory  and 
left  them  powerless.     Meanwhile  Rome  united  the 
Latin  cities  under  her  supremacy,  and  was  engaged 
with  them  in  war  against  the  Samnites,  the  brave  race 
who  lived  in  the  mountain-land  in  the  centre  of  the 
peninsula.     These  were  finally  subdued  after  three 
wars  desperately  contested,  in   290  B.C.,  and  there 
remained    only   the    south   of   the    peninsula.     This 
was  full  of  Greek  colonies,  many  of  which,  as  Ta- 
rentum,  Thurii,   Crotona,  had  long  been  great  and 
wealthy  cities.     The  city  of  Tarentum  called  in  the 
help  of  Pyrrhus  king  of  Epirus,  an  able  leader  of 
a    warlike    people.     He    gained   victories   over   the 
Romans,  but  they  would  not  accept  peace,  and  his 
army  was  wasted  in  fruitless  enterprises,    until   at 
last  he  was  defeated  by  the  Romans  at  Beneventum, 
and  finally  left  Italy,  275  B.C.,  after  which  the  whole 
of  the  south  fell  an  easy  prey  to  Rome,  and  she  was 
mistress   at   last   of   a   united    Italy,    265  B.C.      To 
Sicily   the   step   was   easy,   but   it   was   one   which 
brought   Rome   into  collision  with  Carthage.     This 
city,  situated  on   the  north  coast   of  Africa  at  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


XV 


point  nearest  to  Sicily,  had  been  founded   by  the 
Phoenicians  or  Canaanites  of  Tyre  and  Sidon.     The 
Phoenicians  were  above  all  a  trading  people.     They 
had    alliances   with    the   Etruscans   in   early   times, 
and  the  two  nations  disputed  with  the  Greeks  the 
naval  supremacy  in  the  western  seas.     The  trade  of 
the  Phoenicians  extended  as  far  as  the  North  Sea  and 
the  West  Coast  of  Africa.     They  had  settlements  or 
trading-stations   also   in   Spain    (Gades,  perhaps  the 
Tarshish  of  the   Bible),  in  Sardinia,   in  Malta,  and 
m    Sicily.      In    the    latter   island,    the    largest   and 
richest  of  the  Mediterranean,  their  contests  with  the 
Greek  colonies  were  continual,  and  it  was  here  that 
they  first  met  Rome,  and  waged  against  her  a  war 
of  twenty-three  years,  which  goes  by  the  name  of 
the  First  Punic  {i.e.  Phoenician)  War,  264-241  B.C. 
The    Romans    were    superior    on    land,    for    their 
enemies  generally  employed  mercenary  troops  hired 
from   the   peoples   under   their  rule,   and  even  the 
Carthaginian    navy    was    matched    at    last   by   the 
Romans,    and    peace   was   made   on   condition   that 
Sicily  was  given  up  to  Rome.     This  was  the  first 
Roman  "province." 

The  years  which  ensued  were  spent  by  the  Car- 
thaginians in  preparation  for  a  new  war.  Hamilcar 
surnamed  Barca  resolved  to  organize  an  army  which 
should  be  a  match  for  the  Romans  on  land,  and  for 
that  purpose  he  went  to  Spain,  where  his  army  was 
trained  in  contirmal  fighting  with  hardy  tribes,  and 


XVI 


INTRODUCTION, 


increased  by  the  addition  to  it  of  those  whom  it  had 
conquered.  Meanwhile  the  Romans  had  gained  pos- 
session of  Sardinia  and  Corsica,  and  had  established 
their  supremacy  on  the  Adriatic  by  suppressing 
the  pirates,  and  reducing  to  dependence  some  part 
of  the  opposite  coast. 

We  have  now  reached  the  crisis  when  these  two 
powers  are  to  decide  with  one  another  the  question 
which  is  to  rule  in  the  western  basin  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  it  is  at  this  point  that  our  narrative 
begins. 

The  Government  of  Rome. 

It  is  important  to  have  clear  ideas  about  the 
actual  government  of  Rome  at  the  time  of  this  war. 
It  was  called  a  *' republic,"  which  implies  perhaps 
that  it  had  some  kind  of  self-government,  but  that 
does  not  tell  us  much.  We  want  to  know  first  who 
carried  on  what  is  called  the  executive  government — 
that  is  to  say,  secured  order  and  the  administration 
of  justice,  and  managed  the  foreign  policy  of  the 
State — and,  secondly,  who  passed  the  laws.  For  in 
every  well-ordered  State  these  two  powers,  the 
executive  and  the  legislative,  are  in  the  hands  of 
different  persons :  those  who  carry  out  the  laws 
have  not  by  themselves  the  power  of  altering 
them  or  making  new  ones.  So  it  was  therefore 
at  Rome :   the  power  of   passing   laws   was   in    the 


INTRODUCTION 


xvii 


hands  of  the  people,  inhabitants  of  Rome  and  the 
country  immediately  round  it,  who  voted  according 
to  various  arrangements,  by  centuries  or  by  tribes, 
which  need  not  here  be  described  further  than  to 
say  that  in  the  centuries  high  birth  and  property 
had  a  greater  voting  power  than  in  the  tribes.  The 
same  individuals  voted  in  each  case,  but  according 
to  a  different  arrangement.  By  the  people  in 
centuries  the  chief  magistrates  were  elected — the 
censors,  consuls,  and  praetors;  and  by  the  same 
people  voting  in  tribes  special  officers  were  elected 
to  protect  the  rights  of  the  commons,  who  had  the 
power  of  absolutely  forbidding  any  action  of  any 
madstrate :  these  officers  were  called  tribunes  of 
the  common  people  {trihuni  plehis).  They  had  the 
powder  of  proposing  resolutions  to  the  assembly  of 
the  tribes,  which  when  they  w^ere  passed  were 
called  plebiscita,  and  were  perhaps  valid  as  laws 
at  the  time  of  which  we  are  speaking  without  the 
consent  of  the  Senate  given  either  before  or  after, 
though  that  was  considered  necessary  in  all  matters 
which  concerned  not  the  special  rights  of  the  people 
but  the  general  sjovernment  of  the  State.  A  resolu- 
tion  passed  by  the  people  voting  by  centuries  was 
called  lex  ;  and  such  resolutions  required  the 
previous  assent  of  the  Senate,  given  by  what  was 
called  a  senatus  consultum.  On  the  whole,  the 
people  had  in  their  hands  the  election  of  magis- 
trates  and   the   passing    of    laws,    and    finally    the 


XVlll 


INTRODUCTION. 


formal  decision  of  the  question  of  war  or  peace. 
Practically  however  this  last  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  Senate,  who  conducted  the  foreign  policy  gene- 
rally ;  and  the  Senate  had  for  the  most  part  in  its 
hands  the  proposal  of  laws  to  the  people,  though  as 
we  have  seen  the  tribunes  might  propose  measures  to 
the  tribes  without  its  previous  consent :  whether  its 
sanction  afterwards  was  necessary  is  not  quite  certain. 
As  to  the  executive  government,  we  shall  perhaps 
be  inclined  to  think  that  it  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
magistrates  elected  by  the  people,  but  we  shall  find 
that  this  is  not  altogether  the  case.  At  first  no 
doubt  the  two  consuls  had  supreme  power  and  were 
bound  only  to  consult  the  Senate ;  but  for  several 
reasons  the  power  of  the  consuls  was  less  at  this 
time  than  it  had  been.  One  of  these  reasons  was 
the  division  of  their  functions  with  other  magis- 
trates. At  first  the  office  had  been  open  only  to 
patricians ;  that  is  the  original  families  of  Rome 
and  those  who  by  special  favour  had  acquired  their 
privileges.  When  these  could  not  prevent  its  being 
thrown  open  to  the  commons — that  is  to  say,  the 
main  body  of  the  later  settlers  in  Rome,  among 
whom  were  plenty  of  wealthy  and  distinguished 
men — they  did  their  best  to  lessen  its  importance, 
and  its  powers  were  divided  by  the  institution 
of  new  offices,  e.g.  the  censorship  and  the  praetor- 
ship,  to  which  at  first  no  plebeian  could  be  elected. 
The  Consul  after  this  had  little   to  do  except  to 


INTFODUCTION 


XIX 


preside  over  the  Senate  and  the  elections,  and  to 
command  the  armies  of  the  Republic.  It  was  only 
in  great  emergencies  that  the  full  power  of  the 
consulship  (or  rather  of  the  regal  office)  was  revived 
temporarily  in  the  person  of  the  Dictator.  A 
second  reason  why  the  magistrates  were  less  power- 
ful is  the  fact  that  they  were  elected  only  for  a 
single  year.  It  is  impossible  for  a  man  who  is  to 
resign  his  office  at  the  end  of  a  year,  to  carry  out  any 
great  policy  of  his  own ;  and  consequently,  if  there 
is  in  the  State  any  permanent  authority  capable  of 
forming  and  directing  the  policy  of  the  State,  he  will 
probably  be  its  servant  rather  than  its  master. 

At  Rome  there  was  such  a  permanent  body.  It 
was  the  Senate.  And  the  government  of  Rome 
at  this  time  and  for  long  afterwards,  in  fact  till 
her  conquests  were  finished,  was  practically  in  the 
hands  of  the  Senate.  This  assembly  consisted  of 
300  members,  and  these  were  for  the  most  part 
elected  indirectly  by  the  people;  for  though  the 
nomination  of  members  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
censors,  they  were  bound  by  custom  to  nominate 
all  who  had  been  elected  to  a  high  magistracy, 
and  those  who  were  once  nominated  were  members 
for  life.  The  censor  however  had  power  to  nomi- 
nate other  members,  and  to  remove  any  name 
from  the  roll  for  misconduct.  The  Senate  car- 
ried on  all  negotiations  with  foreign  powers  and 
received    the    complaints    of    subjects    and    allies; 


XX 


INTRO  D  UCTION. 


the    whole    financial    system    of     the    State    was 
under   its   control ;   it   determined  how  a  war  was 
to   be   carried  on,   what  troops  were  to  be  levied, 
to  what  provinces  the  magistrates  should  be  sent, 
and    it    had    the    power    of    prolonging    the    com- 
mand   of    the    magistrates,    or    of    rendering   them 
absolute   if   it   judged    that    the    Republic    was   in 
danger.     Besides  this,  it  had  a  general  control  over 
the   law   courts,   and   special   powers    of    proposing 
laws,  and  the  means   of   checking  any  action  of  a 
magistrate  by  the  tribune's  veto,  which  was  often 
at   the   service   of   the    Senate.     "Called    to   power 
not  by  the  accident  of  birth  but  by  the  free  choice 
of   the   nation,    holding   office   for   life   and   so   not 
dependent    on    the    ever-varying    opinion    of     the 
people,  embracing  in  it  all  that  the  people  possessed 
of    political    wisdom    and    practical   statesmanship, 
absolutely  disposing   of  all   financial  questions  and 
controlling  foreign    policy— the  Roman  Senate  was 
the  noblest  embodiment  of  the  nation ;  and  in  con- 
sistency  and   political   sagacity,    in    unanimity   and 
patriotism,    in    grasp    of    power    and    unwavering 
courage,    the    foremost   political   corporation   of    all 
times — an    'assembly   of    kings,'   which   well    knew 
how   to   combine   despotic   energy   with   republican 
self-devotion.      Never    was   a   State   represented   in 
its  external  relations  more  worthily  than  Rome  in 
its  best  times  by  the  Senate."     (Mommsen,  Hist,  of 
Rome,  Bk.  ii.  ch.  3.) 


Mat-tu  Jay's  Livy- 


Landon :  ^Macmill'<m  te  Co-  L  •  • 


StOJifardl^  Gfog^Bsti^ 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


1.  Licet  mihi  praefari  belliim  maxime  omnium  ^* 
memorabile,  quae  iiiiquam  gesta  sint,^  me  scripturum, 
quod    Hannibale   duce^    Carthaginienses   ji^portance 
cum  populo  Romano  gessere.     Nam  neque   p^^^JJ?^  w^r^^^ 
validiores  opibus  ullae  inter  se  ^  civitates  ^\^\  ^^\l^^  ^"    k 

^  which  it  was     ^ 

gentesque  contulerunt  arma,  neque  his  ^"■'^ged. 
ipsis^  tantum  unquam  virium^  aut  roboris  fuit,  et 
adeo  varia  fort  una  belli  anceps^que  fuit,  ut  prope 
periculum^  fuerint^  ii,  qui  vicerunt.  2.  Odiis 
etiam  prope  maioribus  certaverunt  quam  viribus.  lo 
Fama  est  etiam,  Hannibalem,^  annorum  ^  ferme 
novem,  quum  pater  Hamilcar  exercitum  in  Hispa- 
niam  traiecturus  sacrificaret,  altaribus^  admotum, 
tactis  sacris,'*  iuravisse,  se,  quum  primum  ^  posset, 
hostem  fore  populo  Romano.^  ir, 

3.  Mors  Hamilcaris  et  pueritia  Hannibalis  distu- 
leruntM)ellum.     Medius  Hasdrubal  inter   itwaspost- 
patrem  ac  filium  octo  ferme  annos  ^  impe-   time  bj^th^e 
Hum  obtinuit.2    Is  plura  consilio  quam  vi   HamiicL, 
gerens,  hospitiis"^  magis  quam  bello  aut  ^-^^^^^ 
;irmis   rem   Carthaffiniensem  auxit.     Sed  nihilo^  ei 


20 


*  These  numbers  refer  to  the  corresponding  figiircs  in  the  Xot.es. 
L.  A  € 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAR. 


,1 


Carthaginem  traiicerent  ^  ac  sociorum  po- 
ili  Roraani  querimonias  deferrent. 
9.  Dum  ea  Romani  parant  ^  consultant- 


sadors  to 

warn  Hanni-  ^  "^         .  .  •        j   r  *. 

bai.   Mean-      pull  Romani  querimoiiias  deterrent. 

while  Sagun-       ^  _  .  , 

turn  is  _ 

2^tt'         que,  iam  Saguntum  summa  vi  oppugnaba 
5  tur.     Civitas  ea  longe  opulentissinia  ultra  ^  Hiberum 
fuit,  sita  passus  mille  ^  ferme  a  mari.     Hannibal  in- 
festo   exercitu   ingressus   fines,    pervastatis*   passim 
agris,    urbem   tripertito   aggreditur.^      10.    Angulus 
muri  erat  in  patentiorem,i  quam  caetera  circa,  vallem 
10  vergens  ;   adversus  eum  vineas  -  agere  instituit,  per 
quas  aries  moenibus  admoveri  posset.^     Sed  haud- 
quaquam  prospere  res  evenit.     Et  turris  ingens  im- 
minebat,  et  murus,  ut^  in  suspecto  loco,  supra  ceterae 
modum   altitudinis^   emunitus^   erat,    et    inventus  ^ 
isdelecta,    ubi   plurimum    periculi^    ostendebatur,    ibi 
vi  maiore  obsistebant.     11.  Iam  non   pro  moenibus 
modo  cmicare,  sed  er ampere  in  stationes 
SiT"^*"'      hostium  conati  sunt      Quibus  certamini- 
bus  baud  pluresi  Saguntini  quam  Poeni  cadebant. 
2oUt2    vero    Hannibal    ipse,    dum    murum    incautius 
subit,3  tragula   femur*  graviter  ictus  cecidit,  tanta 
trepidatio    fuit,    ut    non    multum    abesset,^    quin  ^ 
opera  et  vineae  desererentur.     12.  Inde  per  paucos 
dies  quies  ^  certaminum  erat :  postea  acrius  coortum 
25  est    bellum,    pluribusque    partibus^    vineae    coeptae 
sunt  3  agi  admoverique  aries.     Multitudine*   super- 
abant    Poeni. '^      Iam    feriebantur    arietibus^    muri 
quassataeque  multae   partes   erant :    tres  turres   re- 
pente,  quantumque  inter  eas  muri^  erat,  cum  fra- 


Carthaginian  Coin  issued  in  Spain,    (jp.  4.) 


Aries  of  Wood,  formerly  at  Saguntum.    (Baumelster.) 


Aries,  from  the  Arch  of  Septimius  Severus. 
(Schreiber- Anderson. ) 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR 


gore  ingenti  prociderunt.  Ea  ruina^  captum  esse 
oppidum  crediderunt  Poeni.  Saguntini  autem,  con- 
serto  velut  patent!  campo  praelio,  inter  ruinas  muri 
tectaque  urbis  repugnabant.  Illorum  spes,  horum^ 
desperatio  animos  irritat,  itaque  acrius  utrinque  5 
pugnatum  est.^^  Quum  diu  anceps  fuisset  certa- 
men,  clamorem  repente  oppidani  tollunt^^  hostem- 
que  in  ruinas  ^'^  muri  expellunt,  inde  impeditum  ^^ 
trepidantemque  in  castra  redigunt. 

13.   Interim    Roma  ^   legatos  venisse  2  nuntiatum  10 
est ;  quibus  ^  obviam  nuntii  ab  Hannibale  r^^^  Roman 
missi   sunt,   qui   dicerent,*  Hannibali  in  refI?^S^an 
tanto  discrimine  rerum  non  operae  pre-  proceed  to 
tium^  esse  legationes  audire.      Non  ad-  Carthage. 
missi    protinus    Carthaginem  ^    venerunt ;    sed    ea  i5 
quoque  irrita  legatio  fuit/    14.  Hanno  unus^  sena- 
tum  obtestatus  est,  ne  Romanum  suscipe-  Hanno  pro- 
rent  2  bellum ;  monuisse  se  ait,  ne  Hamil-   nlnnS^^ 
caris  filium  ad  exercitum  mitterent :  non   doings;^  ^  ^ /^^ 
manes  3  eius  viri  quiescere,  nee  unquam,  donee  san- 20 
guinis    Barcini*    quisquam    superesset,^    quietura^ 
Romana   foedera.      15.   "  luvenem   flagrantem  cupi- 
dine  ^  regni,  viamque  unam  ad  id  2  bellum  existiman- 
tem,  ad   exercitus   misistis.      Saguntum   vestri   cir- 
cumsedent   exercitus   unde  arcentur  foedere ;  ^   mox  25 
Carthaginem     circumsedebunt     Romanae     legiones. 
Legatos  ab  sociis  venientes  bonus*  imperator  vester 
in  castra  non  admisit ;   ius  gentium^  nihili<^  fecit; 
hi  tamen  ad  nos  veniunt;   auctorem  culpae   depos- 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


cunt. "      16.     Aegates  ^     insulas    Erycem^que    ante      I 
oculos  proponite.     Nee  puer  hie  flux  erat,  sed  pater 
ipse  3  Hamilcar.     Tunc  Tarento^  non  abstinueramus 
ex    foedere,'^   sicut   nunc    Sagunto   non   abstinemus. 

6  Di  victoriam  ei  populo  dederunt,  qui  foedus  non 
ruperat.  Carthagini*^  nunc  Hannibal  vineas  tur- 
resque  admovet ;  Carthaginis  moenia  quatit  ariete : 
Sasunti  ruinae  (falsus  utinam  vates  sim^)  nostris 
capitibus    incident.      17.    Dedemus    ergo    Hanniba- 

10  lem  ?  dicet  aliquis.  Scio  nieam  levem  auctoritatem 
esse  ^  propter  paternas  -  inimicitias  ;  sed  Hamilcarem 
eo  3  periisse  laetatus  sum,  quod  si  ille  viveret  bellum 
iam  haberemus*  cum  Romanis,  et  hunc  iuvenem 
odi  atque   detestor,  nee   dedendum  esse  solum  cen- 

15  seo  ^  ad  piaculum  <'  rupti  foederis,  sed,  si  nemo  de- 
poscat,^  devehendum  in  ultimas  maris  terrarumque 
oras,  unde  quietae  civitatis  statum  sollicitare  ne- 
queat.^  18.  Ego  ita^  censeo,  legatos  extemplo 
Romam  mittendos  esse,  qui    senatui  -  satisfaciant ;  ^ 

20  alios,  qui  Hannibali  nuntient,  ut  exercitum  Sagunto 
abducat,*  ipsumquc  Hannibalem  ex  foedere  Romanis 

dedant."  ^ 

19.  Quum  Hanno  finem  loquendi  fecisset,  nemini 
but  the  certare  cum  eo  necesse  f  uit ;  senatus  enim 

25ca?thag''irc-  propc  ouiuis  Hanuibalis  ^  fuit.  Respon- 
hiractiol?^  sum  inde  legatis  Romanis  est,2  bellum 
ortum  ab  Saguntinis,  non  ab  Hannibale  esse;  popu- 
lum  Romanum  iniuste  facere,^  si  Saguntinos  vetus- 
tissimae  Carthaginiensium  societati  praeponeret. 


Catupulta. 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAB.  7 

20.  Dum    Romani    tempus    terunt^    legationibus 
mittendis,-  Hannibal  paucorum  militibus   TheFiegeof 
dieriim  quietem  dedit.     Interim   animos  proceeds, 
eorum    nunc   ira   in   hostes,    nunc   spe   praemiorum 
accendit :    praedam    captae    urbis    edixit    militum  ^  5 
fore.*     Saguntini  novum  murum  ab  ea  parte,^  qua 
patefactum  oppidum  ruinis   erat,    reficiebant.     Inde 
oppugnatio    eos    aliquanto^'    atrocior ''    quam    ante 
adorta  est;   nee,  qua  primum   ferrent  ^  opem,  scire 
poterant.     21.  Ipse   Hannibal,    qua   turris   mobilis/  10 
omnia   munimenta   urbis   superans   altitudine,^   age- 
batur,  hortator  aderat.     Quae  quum  ^  admota  moeni- 
bus    esset/    et    catapultis    per    tabulata    dispositis 
defensores    exturbasset, -^    Hannibal    quingentos    fere 
Afros  cum  dolaoris  ad  subruendum  ^'  ab  imo  murum  15 
mittit ;    nee  erat  difficile  opus,  quod  caementa  non 
calce  '^   durata  erant,    sed   interlita   luto,    structurae 
antiquae  modo.     Ruebat  ^  muri  pars,  armatorumque 
agmina.  ^n    urbem    vadebant.      22.   Locum    quoque 
editum  capiunt   muroque  circumdant,    ut   castellum  20 
in   ipsa    urbe    velut    arcem     haberent  ^      Saguntini 
murum  interiorem  ad  nondum  captam  partem  urbis 
intercludendam  2    ducunt.      Utrinque    summa   vi    et 
muniunt  et  pugnant ;  simul  crescit  inopia  omnium  ^ 
longa  obsidione  et  minuitur  exspectatio  externae  opis,  25 
quum  tam  procul  Romani,  unica  spes,*  abessent.^ 

23.   Erat    in    exercitu    Hannibalis    Alcorus    qui- 
dam  Hispanus,  Saguntinis  publice  ^  ami-   Aieomsad- 

T  •  T    •  TT  '1     1       vises  sub- 

cus.     Is  pacis  condiciones  ex  Hannibale   mission. 


Turris. 


8 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


sciscitatus,  in  urbem  venit.  Ductus  in  senatum, 
*'Ego,"  inquit,  "ne  ignoraretis,^  esse  aliquas  salutis 
et  pacis  vobis  condiciones,  pro  ^  vetusto  hospitio, 
quod  mihi  vobiscum  est,  ad  vos  veni.  Neque  enim 
5  ab  Romanis  *  vobis  ulla  est  spes  nee  vestra  vos  iam 
aut  arma  aut  moenia  satis  defendunt ;  itaque  pacem 
affero  magis  necessariam  quam  aequam.  24.  Urbem 
vobis  ^  adimit,'^  agros  relinquit,  locumque  assignabit, 
in  quo  novum  oppidum  aedificetis.^     Aurum  et   ar- 

10  gentum  omne  publicum  privatumque  ad  se  iubet 
deferri ;  *  corpora  vestra  salva  fore  ^  pollicetur,  si 
inermes  cum  singulis  ^  vestimentis  velitis  ^  Sagunto 
exire.  Haec  victor  hostis  imperat :  equidem  baud 
despero,  aliquid  ex  his  remissurum   esse ;    sed  vel  ^ 

16  haec  patienda  censeo  potius,  quam  trucidari  corpora 
vestra,  rapique  ante  ora  vestra  coniuges  ac  liberos 
sinatis."^  25.  Ad  haec  audienda^  circumfusa  pau- 
latim  multitudine  permixtum  senatui  erat  populi 
concilium.     Repente  primores,  secessione  facta,   pri- 

20  usquam    responsum    daretur,    argentum    aurumque 

in    forum  coUatum    in   ignem   ad   id  raptim  factum 

coniiciebant,2  eodem^que  semet   ipsi  praecipitabant. 

26.   Quum  ex  eo  pavor  ac  trepidatio  totam  urbem 

The  city  is     pervasissct,  alius  subito  tumultus  ex  arce 

taken  by  -^        _ 

25    storm.  auditur.     Turris  diu  quassata  prociderat, 

perque  ruinam  eius  cohors  Poenorum  impetum  fece- 
rat,  signumque  imperatori  dederat,  nudatam^  cus- 
todiis  -  solitis  esse  urbem.  27.  Hannibal,  non  cunc- 
tandum  ^  esse  in  tali  occasione   ratus.    totis   viribus 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR.  9 

aggressus  urbem  cepit,  signumque  dedit,  ut  omnes 
puberes2  interficerentur.^  Quod  imperium  crudele, 
ceterum  prope  necessarium  erat;  non  enim  iis 
parci'*  potuit,  qui  aut  inclusi  cum  coniugibus  ac 
liberis  domos  super  se  ipsos  concremaverunt,  aut  5 
armati  non,  nisi  morientes,  a  pugna  destiterunt. 
28.  Captum  oppidum  est  cum  ingenti  praeda. 
Quanquam  enim  multa  ab  dominis  de  industrial  cor- 
rupta  erant,  et  captivi  militum  praeda  fuerant,^ 
tamen  et  aliquantum  pecuniae  ^  constat  et  multam  lo 
pretiosam  supellectilem  vestemque  missam  esse* 
Carthaginem.^ 

29.  Ubi  Romae  ^  nuntiatum  est  Sagunti  excidium, 
tantus  simul  maeror  patres  sociorumque  vexation  and 
peremptorum  misericordia  et  pudor  non   Rome.  15 

lati  auxilii^  et  ira  in  Carthaginienses  metusque  cepit, 
velut  si  iam  ad  portas  hostis  esset,^  ut  trepidarent* 
magis  quam  consulerent.^  Reputabant  enim,  neque 
hostem  acriorem  secum  congressum  esse,  nee  rem 
Romanam^  tam  imbellem  unquam  f uisse :  Sardos^20 
Corsosque  et  Histros  atque  Illyrios  Romana  arma 
vix  exercuisse,  Gallicos  motus  tumultum^  verius 
quam  bellum  fuisse  :  Poenos  veteranos  milites,  inter 
Hispanas  gentes  nunquam  victos,  sub  duce  acerrimo 
Hiberum  transituros  '^  esse ;  tracturos  secum  excitos  25 
Hispanorum  populos  ;  concituros  avidas  semper  ar- 
mor um  10  Gallicas  gentes;  bellum  in  Italia  ac  pro 
moenibus  Romae  gesturos  esse.  30.  Consules  tum 
erant  Romae  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  et  Ti.^  Sempronius 


10 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


Levies  and  Ldhgus.  Cornelio  Hispania,  Sempronio 
preparations.  ^fi.ica2  cum  Sicilia  proviiiciae^  datae  sunt. 
Sex  in  eum  annum  decretae*  legiones,^  et  sociorum, 
quantum   consulibus   videretur,*^    et    classis,    quanta 

5  parari  posset.  Quattuor  et  viginti  peditum  Roma- 
norum  millia  conscripta  sunt,  et  mille  octingenti 
equites,  sociorum  quadraginta  millia  peditum,  quat- 
tuor millia  et  (luadringenti  equites ; "  naves  ducentae 
viginti  quinqueremes,^  celoces  viginti  deductae^  sunt. 

10  Latum  inde  ad  populum  est,i<^  vellent  inherent  ^^ 
populo  Carthaginiensi  helium  indici ;  eiusque  helli 
causa  supplicatio  ^-  per  urhem  hahita  atque  adorati 
dii,  ut  hene  ac  feliciter  eveniret.i^  31.  Inter  consules 
ita^  copiae  divisae  :  Sempronio  datae  legiones  duae, 

15  (quae  quaterna  millia  erant  peditum  et  treceni  2 
equites,)  et  sociorum  sedecim  millia  peditum,  equites 
mille  octingenti;  naves  longae^  centum  sexaginta,* 
celoces  duodecim.  Cum  his  copiis  Ti.  Sempronius 
in  Sicilian!  missus  est,   iussus  in  Africam  transmit- 

20  tere,'^  si  ad  arcendos^'  Italia  Poenos  alter'  consul 
satis  esset.  Cornelio  minus  copiarum^  datum  est, 
quia  Manlius  praetor  cum  praesidio  in  Galliam^ 
mittehatur :  sexaginta  quinqueremes  datae  et  duae 
Romanae  legiones  cum  suo  iusto  equitatu  ^^  et  quat- 

25  tuordecim  millihus  sociorum  peditum,  equitihus  ^^ 
mille  sexcentis.  Duas  legiones  Romanas  et  decem 
millia  sociorum  peditum,  mille  equites  socios,  sex- 
centos  Romanos  ^^  Gallia  provincia  hahuit. 

32.  His    ita   comparatis,    ut    omnia    iusta^    ante 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


11 


helium  fierent,  legatos   maiores   natu  in   Second  em- 
Africam  mittunt  ad  percontandos  2  Car-  thagl^"  ^*'*' 
thaginienses,    puhlicone   consilioS    Hannihal   Sagun- 
tum   oppugnasset,'*  et,  si   faterentur,^  ut   indicerent 
populo   Carthaginiensi   helium.      Romani    postquam  5 
Carthaginem   venerunt,«  quam   Q.  Fahius,   maximus 
inter   illos  natu,   nihil  ultra  quam  quod  mandatum 
erat  percontatus    esset,    turn    ex   Carthaginiensihus 
unus  disceptare  de  foederum  iure  incepit :  et  quae- 
rendum    esse  ait,    non    privato   puhlicone '    consilio  10 
Saguntum    oppugnatum    esset,   sed    utrum    iure   an 
iniuria.8    Negavit  eo  foedere,  quod  ah  Hasdruhale 
cum   Romanis   ictum  esset,^  ohligari    posse   Cartha- 
ginienses :  quia  nee  senatus  nee  populi  iussu  ictum 
esset.     Quinetiam   Romanorum   ipsorum    exemplum  15 
afferehat,    qui    quum    C.    Lutatius^o    consul   foedus 
sine  auctoritate  senatus  icisset,  negavissent  11  se  eo 
teneri.     33.  Turn  Romanus  sinu  ex  toga   Declaration 
facto,  "Hie,  inquit,  helium  et  pacem  porto;   2]t»'^B*c' 
utrum  placet  sumite."     Clamatum   est  hand  minus  20 
ferociter,!  utrum  vellet,^  daret;3   et   quum  is,   sinu 
effuso,    helium    dare    dixisset,    accipere^    se   omnes 
responderunt,  et,  quo  acciperent  animo,  eodem^   se 
gesturos. 

34.    Legati     Romani     ah    Carthagine,    sicut     iis  25 
Romae  imperatum   erat,i  in   Hispaniam,   xheambas- 
ut  civitates  in  societatem  pellicerent  aut  S?n"ove7  *^ 
averterent  a  Poenis,  traiecerunt.2    At  Sa    oaiiHctribis 
guntinae  cladis  recens   memoria  irritam  ^;t^^^"i« 


12 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


legationem  fecit ;  itaque,  nequiqiiam  peragrata  His- 
pania,  in  Galliam  transeunt.^     35.  Hie  quum  verbis 
extolleiites    gloriam    populi    Romani    petissent,    no 
Poenis    per    agros    suos    transitum    darent,i   tantus 
srisiis   dicitur   ortus2    esse,    ut  vix    a   magistratibus 
iuventus    sedaretur;^    adeo    stx)lida*    impudensque 
visa    est    postulatio.     36.    Sedato    tandem    fremitu, 
responsum   legatis   est,    neque   Romanorum    in   se^ 
meritum2    esse    neque    Carthaginiensium    iniuriam, 
10  ob   quae  3   aut    pro   Romanis    aut   adversus   Poenos 
sumerent  ^  arma :  sed  contra  audire  ^  se,  gentis  suae 
homines  agro  Italiae  pelli  a  populo  Romano  stipen- 
diumque  pendere  et  cetera  indigna^  pati.     Certe  '  se 
nolle    bellum   a    Romanis   in   se    avertere    agrosque 
15  suos  pro  alienis «  populandos   obiicere.      37.    Massi- 
liae  benigne  ab  sociis  i  excepti  cognoverunt,  praeoccu- 
patos  iam  ab  Hannibale  Gallorum  animos  esse.     Ita 
legati  Romam  redeunt,  civitatemque  omnem  exspec- 
tatione   belli    erectam   inveniunt,    constante^    fama, 
20  iam  Hiberum  Poenos  transmisisse.^ 

38.  Hannibal  Sagunto  capto  Carthaginem  No- 
Hannibai  vam  ^  in  hibcma  concesserat,  ibique  au- 
ci?tege,m.  (litis,  quae  Romae  quaeque  Carthagine2 
silS''  acta  forent,3  Hispani  generis  milites  convo- 
25  ofTbsoIS'r  cavit,  dixitque,  pacatis  ^  iam  omnibus  His- 
paniae  populis,  in  alias  terras  transferendum  esse 
bellum,  ut,  non  pacis  solum,^  sed  etiam  victoriae 
bonis,«  praeda  et  gloria,  fruerentur.  39.  "Itaque, 
inquit,  quum  longinqua  instet^  militia  incertumque 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


13 


sit,  quando  domos  vestras  iterura  visuri  sitis,^  si 
quis  vestrum  suos  invisere  vult,  commeatum^  do. 
Primo  vere  edico  adsitis,*  ut  diis  iuvantibus  bellum 
incipiamus."  Omnibus  fere  visendi  domos  ultro^ 
oblata  potestas  grata  erat.  Vere  primo  ad  edictum  5 
convenere. 

40.  Hannibal  interea,  ne,  dum  ipse  Italiam  pe- 
teret,^  aperta  Romanis  Africa  ab  Sicilia^  esset, 
valido  praesidio  firmare  eam  statuit.  Hispaniam 
Hasdrubali  fratri  destinat  firmatque  eam  Africis  10 
maxime  praesidiis,  Hispanis  in  Africam  missis : 
utrosque  meliores  procul  ab  domo  futuros  esse 
milites  ratus. 

41.  Profectus     Carthagine     Nova    exercitum    ad 
Hiberum  duxit  et  praemissis,^  qui  Gallo-  ^lq  leaves  his   15 
rum  animos  donis  conciliarent  2  Alpium-  ^Qr^tritiiT' 
que  transitus  specularentur,  tripertito  co-  ^^^^%^} 

pias  traiecit.     Nonaginta  millia  peditum,   EbroTnd^ 
duodecim  millia   equitum    Hiberum    tra-   Pyrenees, 
duxit.     Ilergetes    inde   Bargusiosque    et   Ausetanos  20 
et   Lacetaniam,    quae   subiecta    Pyrenaeis   montibus 
est,  subegit,  orae^que   huic    omni    praefecit    Hanno- 
nem,  ut  fauces,  quae  Hispanias  Galliis^  iungunt,  in 
potestate  essent.      Decem   millia   peditum    Hannoni 
ad    obtinendam  ^   regionem   data   et    mille    equites.  25 
42.    Tria   millia    inde    Carpetanorum    abierunt    do- 
mum.      Hannibal,    quia    revocare    aut    vi    retinere 
nolebat,   ne   ceterorum    feroces^   animi  irritarentur, 
supra  septem  millia  hominum  remisit,  quos  gravari 


u 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  PFAR. 


militia  senserat,  Carpetanos  quoque  ab  se  dimissos 
esse  simulans.  Iiide  cum  reliquis  copiis  Pyre- 
naeum  traiis<jressus  ad  oppidum  Iliberrim  castra 
locavit.  43.  Gallorum  aliquot  populi  territi  conve- 
5  and  reassures    ncrunt.     Quod  ubi  Hauuibali  iiuntiatum 

the  Gallic 

tribes.  est,  moram  magis  quam  bellum  metuens, 

oratores  ad  regulos  eorum  misit,  dixitque,  hospitem 
se  Galliae  non  hostem  advenisse,  uec  stricturum 
ante  gladium,  quam  in  Italiam  venisset.^  Quibus 
10  auditis  donisque  insuper  acceptis,  reguli  exercitum 
per  fines  suos  cum  pace  transmiserunt. 

44.    In    Italia    interim,    quum    nihil    ultra,    quam 
Hiberum  transiisse  Hannibalem,  Romam 


15 


Itali/. 

cfsTipine  perlatum  esset,  Boii  ^  repente  defecerunt, 

^''^^^^-  non  tam  ob  veteres  in  populum  Romanum 


iras,  quam  quod  Placentiam  Cremonamque  colonias 
in  agrum  Gallicum  nuper  deductas^  aegre  patieban- 
tur.  Itaque  armis  arreptis,  tantum  terrorist  fece- 
runt,    ut    non    agrestis    modo    multitudo,    sed    ipsi 

20  triumviri  '^  Romani,  qui  ad  agrum  assignandum  ^ 
venerant,  ditfisi  ^  Placentiae  moenibus  Mutinam 
confugerent."  45.  Mutinae  quum  obsiderentur,  le- 
gati  ab  Gallorum  principibus  ad  colloquium  vocati 
violata     fide  ^     comprehensi     sunt :     negaveruntque 

25  Galli,  nisi  obsides  -  sibi  redderentur,^  se  eos  dimis- 
suros.  Quum  haec  de  legatis  nuntiata  essenf*  et 
Mutina  praesidiumque  in  periculo  essent,  L.  Man- 
lius  praetor  ira  accensus  agmen  Mutinam  ducit. 
46.  Silvae   tunc   circa   viam  erant;   ibique   inexplo- 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  PFAR  15 

rato    profectus    in    insii;...s    praecipitavit,i  multaque 
cum  caede  suorum  aegre  in  apertos  campos  emersit. 
Ibi  castra  communita  et  refecti  sunt  militum  animi, 
quanquam    ad     quingentos  -    cecidisse  ^     constabat. 
Iter   deinde    de    integro  ^    coeptum,    nee,   dum    per  5 
patentia  loca  ducitur  ^  agmen,  apparuit  hostis ;   ubi 
rursus  silvae  intratae   sunt,    tum   postremos   adorti 
septingentos    milites    occiderunt,    sex    s'igna  e    ade- 
mere.       Inde    Romani    Tannetum,^    vicum    propin- 
quum  Pado,  contendere.     Patres  C.  Ati-  After  some      jo 
Hum  praetorem  cum  una  legione  Romana  tl^tWsTvu!t, 
et  quinque  millibus  sociorum  auxilium  ferre  Manlio 
iubent;  qui  sine  ullo  certamine   (abscesserant  enim 
metu  hostes)  Tannetum  pervenit 

47.  Et  P.  Cornelius,    in  locum   eius,   quae   missa  15 
cum  praetore  erat,  nova  conscripta  led- 

Scipio  sails 

one,  profectus  ab  urbe  sexaginta  navibus   to  meet 

^«.-,^i.  T^i         •  T  •  Hannibalin 

praeter    oram    Jl,truriae    Ligurumque    et  Spain,  but 
inde  balyum  montes  pervenit  Massiliam,   Marseilles 
et  ad  proximum  ostium  1  Rhodani  (pluri-  crossed  the      20 
bus  enim  divisus  amnis  in  mare  decurrit)   ^^'■''"^*'^' 
castra    locat,    vixdum    satis  2    credens    Hannibalem 
superasse  Pyrenaeos  montes. 

48.  Hannibal  Gallorum  aliis  metu  aliis  pretio  pa- 
catis,  iam  in  Volcarum  pervenerat  agrum,    Hannibal        35 
gentis   validae.     Colunt   circa   utramque   Rbon?h/ 
ripam    Rhodani,    sed,   ut   flumen    muni-  pSiition'Som 
mentoi    haberent,    omnibus    ferme    suis   2^1  ^a^'' 
trans   Rhodanum    traiectis    ulteriorem   ripam   armis 


16  THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 

obtinebant.     Ceteros  accolas  fliiminis  Hannibal  pel- 
licit    donis  ad  naves    undique   contrahendas  2  fabri- 
candasque  :    itaque    ingens   coacta   vis    est    navmm 
lintriumque  ;  novasque  alias  Galli  ex  singulis  ^  arbo- 
5ribus   cavabant,    deinde   et   ipsi    milites    alveos    in- 
formes,    nihil,    dummodo    innarc    aquae    et    capere 
onera  possent,'*  curantes,  raptim  faciebant.     49.  lani- 
que    omnibus    satis    ad    traiiciendum    paratis,    terre- 
bant  hostes  ex  adverse,^  omnem  ripam  equis  viris 
10  que    obtinentes.      Quos    ut     averteret,    Hannonem 
Bomilcaris    filium   vigilia   prima    noctis   cum    parte 
copiarum  adverse  flumine  2  ire  iter  ^  unius  diei  iubet 
et,  quam*  occultissime  traiecto  amni,  circumducere 
agmen,  ut  adoriatur  &  ab  tergo  hostem.     Is  quinque 
15  et  viginti  millia  ^  progressus   traiecit  fluvium,  copi- 
asque   nocturno   itinere   fessas   brevi   quiete   refecit. 
Deinde    secundum"    amnem   ire   perrexit,   fumoque 
duci  significavit,  se  baud  procul  abesse.     50.  Quod 
ubi   accepiti    Hannibal,  dedit   signum   ad   traiicien- 
20dum.     Navium   agmon   ad   excipiendura  2   impetum 
fluminis    parte    superiore     transmittebat,     ut    tran- 
quillitatem    infra   traiicientibus   lintribus   praeberet. 
Equorum  pars  magna  nantes  ^  loris  a  puppibus  tra- 
hebantur.      Galli    occurrebant    cum    variis    ululati- 
25  bus,   cantu^que  solito,  quatientes  scuta  super  capita 
vibrantesque  dextris  tela.     Glamor  repente  ab  tergo 
ortus,    castris    ab    Hannone    captis.     Galli    utrinque 
oppugnati,  qua  patere  iter  visum   est,   perrumpunt, 
trepidique  in  vices  passim  suos  diffugiunt.     Hanni- 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


17 


bal,  ceteris   copiis   per  ^   otium    traiectis,    castra   ad 
fluvium     ipsum     locavit.       51.   Elephanti     nondum 
traiecti  erant,   qui  1    quidem,    quanquam   parere  ma- 
gistris  consueverant,  intrare   aquam  non   Theeie- 
audebant.      Propterea   ratem  2    ducentos   ^^^''^^^^^  are 

I  1       Q  .  carried  across   ^ 

longam    pedes,^    qumquaginta    latam    a   the  river, 
terra    in    amnem    porrexerunt,    religatam   pluribus 
retinaculis  pontisque  in  modum  *  humo  iniecta  con- 
stratam,  ut  beluae  audacter  velut  per  solum  ingre- 
derentur.      Altera    ratis,    longa    pedes   centum,   ad  10 
traiiciendum  flumen    apta,  huic   copulata   est;    turn 
elephanti    per   stabilem   ratem   tanquam   viam   acti, 
ubi  in  minorem  transgressi  sunt,  extemplo  resolutis 
vinculis,  ab  actuariis  navibus  ad  alteram  ripam  per- 
tracti  sunt.     Excidere  quidam   trepidantes   metu  in  15 
flumen,  quorum    Indi  ^   deiecti   periere,    ipsi   servati 
sunt.      Proboscides  enim  supra  aquam   extollebant, 
quibus  simul  respirabant  et  aquam,  quae  inciderat,^ 
efflabant;    itaque    quaerendis    pedetentim    vadis   in 
terram    evasere.      52.    Dum    elephanti   traiiciuntur,  20 
interim  Hannibal  Numidas  equites  quin-  Cavalry  skir- 
gentos  ad  castra  Romana  miserat  specu-   scipio'sre- 
latum,!  ubi  et  quantae  copiae  essent,2  et  ^"ty?^^""^ 
quid  facere  pararent.     Huic   alae   equitum    trecenti 
Romanorum  equites  occurrere ;  quos  Scipio,  de  Han-  25 
nibale    iam    certior    factus,    ad    exploranda    omnia 
miserat.      Numidae    fugati    in    castra   se    recepere ; 
Romani  prope  vallum   progressi  speculatique  omnia 
redierunt  ad  consulem,  qui  extemplo  cupidus  dimi- 

L.  B 


18  THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 

candi»    copiaa   omnes   adverse   flumine   ducerc   per- 
rexit "      53.    Triduo  i    fere    post,    quam 

Scipio  finds         I  exit.  w«-  :,        j  ^   „ 

the  cartta-       Hannibal  a  ripa  Rhodam  movit,  ad  castra 
giniaii  camp       li"'""  r  ,  •   j         i     „;j;(. 

deserted,  and    |,„gtinn,  yeiiit,  ceterum  ubi  deserta  vidit, 

^  ilay'to  meet    ,^gg  ^^^^  gg  tantum  praegressos  assecu- 

■*  the"oth?r  °"     turum,  ad  mare  rediit,  miratus  Poenos 

A?p3    '  °        hac  via  Italian  petere  audere.     Cn.  Scipj- 

onem  fratrem  in  Hispaniara  adversus  Hasdrubalera 

misit:    ipse   cum    exiguis    copiis   Genuam    repetut, 

,0  eo,  qui   circum  Padum  crat,  exercitu  Italiam  defen- 

surus.2 

54    Hannibali    ad    Rhodanum    obviam    venerant 

HanniW,         Boiorum  Icgati  regulusque  Magalus,  qui 
?"g"  u  arm^;    sc  duccs  ^  itincrum  et  socios  periculi  fore 
r,  affirmabatit.     Haec  contioni  '^  per  iuterpretem  decla- 
rabant;    delude    Ha.u.ibal,    quia   multitudinem   iter 
immensum    Alpcsquc    metuere    videbat.   adhortatus 
est  milites,  "  mirari   se,   ait,    rcpoutinum   terrorem  : 
multo  maioi-em  enim  partem  itineris  emensam  ^  esse, 
20  Pyreuaeos  montes  superat..s,  Rhodanum  amnem,  tot 
miUilnis*     Gallorum     proliibentibus,     traiectum,    in 
conspectu    Alpes     habere,-^    quarum    alteram     latus 
Italiae"   esset."     55.  Nullas   protects   terras  coelum 
contiugere  nee  inexsuperabiles  hun.ano  gcneri  >  esse  ; 
25  Alpes  quidem "-   habitari,   coli,   gignere   atque   alcre 
animantes  ;    pervias   fauces  ^  esse   exerc.tibus.      tos 
ipsos,  quos  cernerent.  legatos   Alpes  pedibus   trans- 
aressos.     Militi   quidem  armato,  nihil  secum  praeter 
instrumenta  belli   portanti,   nihil   invium   aut   incx- 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


19 


superabile  esse."    56.  His  adhortationibus  incitatos 

ad  iter  se  parare  iussit.     Postero  die  pro- 

fectus  adverso  flumine  Rhodani,  mediter-  the  Rhone 

nt    ^^•  ."^  r\  .        t  it  to  the  island 

ranea  Ualliae  petiit.     Quarto  die  ad  Insu-  of  the  auo- 
lam    perveiiit.     Ibi    Isara    Rhodanusque     ^^^^^'  5 

amnes   diversis   ex   Alpibus   decurreiites,    agri^   ali 
quantum     complex!     confluunt    in     unum :     mediis 
campis  Insulae  nomen  inditum  est.     57.  Ista  regio 
similis  est  figura  illi  quam  in  Aegypto  Delta  ^  vo 
cant,  ambo  frequentes  populo,  et  frumenti  feraces.^  10 
Hanc  incolunt  Allobroges,  gens  nulla  Gallica  gente 
opibus   aut  fama  inferior.     Turn   discors  erat,  duo- 
bus  fratribus  de  regno  certantibus.     Han-   where  he  set- 
nibal  arbiter  factus  imperium  maiori,^  qui  abon*  th?"^ 
a  fratre  pellebatur,  restituit.    Ob  id  meri-   ^"^'^^^^i^".      15 
tum'*  commeatu   copiaque   rerum    omnium,  maxime 
vestimenti,^  est  adiutus      Rex  ipse,  cum  suis  militi- 
bus  agmen   secutus,   securum    iter   usque   ad   Alpes 
praestitit.*^     58.  Itaque  ad  ipsum  Alpium  aditum  cum 
bona  pace  incolentium  ^  ca  loca  Gallorum  ^nd  reaches     20 
perventum  est.^     Tum  ex  propinquo  visa  ringerofthe 
montium   altitudo   nivesque  caelo  prope   -^^p®' 
immixtae,     terrorem    renovarunt.       Erigentibus     in 
primos  agmen -^  clivos  apparuerunt  immi-  where  he 

,        .   .       .  ,  .  .      meets  with 

nentes  tumulos  *  insidentes  montani ;  qui,    resistance,       25 
si    insidias    occuluissent,^   coorti    repente    ingentem 
stragem     Poenis    dedissent.^'       59.     Hannibal     con- 
sistere     signa    iussit :     Gallisque     ad     visenda    loca 
praemissis,   castra  quam    extentissima   potuit^  valle 


20  THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 

locavit.  Turn  per  Gallos,  qui  se  immiscueraiit 
colloquiis  montanorum,  edoctus,  iiiterdiu  tantum 
obsideri  saltum,2  nocte  in  sua  quemque  dilabi  tecta, 
aiigustiis  appropiiiqua])at,  castrisque  baud  procul 
5ab  hoste  positis,  ubi  primum  degressos  tumuhs 
montanos3  gensit,  ignes  acceiidi*  iussit,  inipedimen- 
tisque  cum  equite  relictis  et  maxima  parte  peditum, 
,    .^^       ipse    cum    expeditis    raptim    angustias^ 

which  with  r  *  u      4.r»« 

somediffi-        evasit  iisque  ipsis   tumuhs,   quos   hostes 

culty  is  over-  ^  '^     ,.  ^_     _,  .  i    •     i^ 

j^conie.  tenuerant,    consedit.      60.  Prima   demde 

luce  castra  mota  et  agmen  reliquum  incedere  coepit. 
lam  montani    signo  dato  ex  castellis^  ad  sUtionem 
solitam    conveniebant,    quum    repente    coiispiciunt 
alios    super    caput     imminere,    alios    via  2    transire 
15  hostes.      Immobiles   parumper   defixi   sunt;    deinde 
ut   tumultu   misceri   agmen  ^   videre,   equis  maxime 
consternatis,  decurrerunt  in  hostem.     61.  Tum  vero 
simul    al)   hostibus,    simul    ab    iniquitate  ^    locorum 
Poeni    oppugnabantur,    plusque    inter    ipsos,    sibi^ 
aoquoque    contendente,^   ut    periculo    prius   evaderet, 
quam  cum  hostibus  certaminis*  erat.     Equi  maxime 
territi  trepidabant,  et  icti  forte  aut  vulnerati  adeo 
consternabantur,     ut     stragem^     ingentem     simul  •^ 
hominum      ac     sarcinarum      facerent;^     multosque 
25turba8  praecipites  in  immensum  altitudinis^  deiecit, 
sed   maxime   iumenta   cum  oneribus  devolvebantur. 
62.  Hannibal   parumper   continuit  suos,^  ne  tumul- 
tum    augeret;    deinde,    postquam    vidit    periculum 
esse  ne  exueretur  impedimentis  <5  exercitus,  decurrit 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


21 


ex    superiore   loco,   et   hostem   impetu   ipso^  fudit. 
Mox  omnes  per  angustias  traducti :  castel-   He  emerges 
lum  inde,  quod  caput  eius  regionis  erat,   vai?ey"anr° 
vicosque   circumiectos   cepit,    et    captivo  pfJesKis 
cibo  ac  pecoribus  per  triduum  exercitum   ^^^^'  5 

aluit;  et,  quia  neque  a  montanis  nee  loco  *  magnopere 
impediebantur,  aliquantum  eo  triduo  viae^  con- 
fecit. 

63.  Perventum  inde  est  ad  frequentem  cultoribus 
alium   populum.i     Ibi  non  bello  aperto,   The  next        10 
sed  fraude  et  insidiis  prope  est  circum-  ^ilds^friend. 
ventus.     Castellorum  enim  principes  cum  guppues^^ 
olivae  ramis^  et  coronis  obviam  iverunt,   g^'i<5e8for 

'    the  main 

memorantes^  se  amicitiam  velle  experiri   ascent. 
Poenorum,  commeatum  itinerisque  duces  *  et  obsides  15 
daturos    esse;    modo    ne    iniuriam    agris    faceret.^ 
Hannibal    non    temere    credendum  ^    ratus,    benigne 
tamen  respondit,  obsidibusque,  quos  dabant,  acceptis 
et    commeatu,    duces    eorum    sequebatur.      64.  In- 
sidias  tamen  metuens  impedimenta  et  equites   prae-  20 
mittit,  ipse  post  cum  robore  peditum  cir-   Hannibal 
cumspectans   sollicitus   incedit.      Ubi   in  tr^chery 
angustiorem  locum  ventum  est,  barbari  ex  h^irre^r^^"^ 
insidiis  ab  tergo  praecipue  coorti   sunt    ^^ckedina 
lam,  nisi  firmatum  extremum  agmen  fuis-  "arrow  defile.  25 
set,  ingens  in  eo  saltu  accepta  esset  ^  clades :  verun- 
tamen  etiam  sic^  magna   iumentorum   atque  homi- 
num multitudo  periit;    nam  barbari  superiora  loca 
obtinentes,^  comitati  ab  latere*  agmen  saxa  devol- 


99 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


vebant,  et  usque  adeo  ad  extremum  peiiculi  coinici- 
Haitofthe  ebant,  ut  Hannibal  cogeretur^  ad  rupem 
infantry  at       candidaiu  separatim  ab  equis  iumentisque, 

the  white  *■  -yj. 

Rock.  y t  iiis  praesidio  esset,  pernoctare.     V  ixque 

5  tandem  nocte  tota  angustias  agmen  superavit.  Pos- 
tero  die  equites  et  iumenta  secutus  summum  Al- 
pium  iugum  petebat :  montanis  iam  segnius  et 
latrocinii  magis  quam  belli  more  incursantibus. 
Elephanti  quidem,  quacunque  incederent,  tutum  ab 
10  hostibus,  insolito  spectaculo  territis,  agmen  praebe- 

bant.<5 

65.  Nono  diei  in  iugum  2  Alpium  perventum 
Arrival  on  est,  et  biduum  3  ibi  stativa  castra  habita 
of thepa"f       sunt,  fessisque  labore  ac  pugnando  quies 

15  data  militibus;  iumenta  aliquot,  quae  prolapsa 
in  rupibus  erant,  sequendo  vestigia  agminis  in 
castra  pervenere.  Terrorem  nivis  casus,  occidente 
iam  sidere  Vergiliarum,*  adiecit.  Hannibal,  quum 
milites  despondere  animos^  vidisset,  adhortari  cona- 

2obatur,  Italiam  ostc^ntans^  subiectosque  montibus 
Circumpadanos  campos ;  moenia^que  eos^  tum  tran- 
scendere,  ait,  non  Italiae  modo  sed  etiam  Romae ; 
cetera  plana,  prolivia  fore;  uno  aut  summum » 
alteroio  praelio  areem  et  caput  Italiae  in  potestate 

25habituros  esse.  66.  Procedere  inde  agmen  coepit, 
iam  nihil  hostibus  praeter  parva  furta  tentantibus. 
The  descent  Cctcrum  iter  multo,  quam  in  ascensu, 
Semper!  difficilius   f uit ;    Alpcs   cuim    ab    Italia  1 

plerumque  arrectiores  sunt.     Omnis  ferme  via  prae- 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


23 


ceps,  angusta,  lubrica  erat,  ut^  neque  sustinere  se  a 
lapsu,  nee,  qui  titubassent,^  recipere  se  possent. 

67.  Ventum  deinde  ad  locum,  qui*  recenti  lapsu 
terrae  in  mille  pedum  spatium  ^  abruptus    -njey  come 
erat.    Ibi  quum  velut  ad  finem  viae  equites  ^ifer^iThe       ^ 
constitissent,  miranti  Hannibali,  quae  res  PtaVbra"^"^ 
moraretur^  agmen,  nuntiatum  est  locum   i^nd^^P' 
iiivium   esse.     Digressus  deinde   ipse  ad   locum  vi- 
sendum,  et  circumducere  agmen  quamvis  longo  am- 
bitu  instituit.     68.  Ea  vero  via  ^  insuperabilis  erat ;  10 
nam,  quum  super  veterem  prioris  hiemis   ^^^  ^^^^  .^ 
nivem   nova   praesentis    anni    cecidisset,   impossible 

^        .  „.  J.  to  get  round 

haec-  quidem,  quia  mollis  erat  et  moaica  by  another 

,.,.„<..,  ^.    .  •    •        way,  owing 

adhuc  altitudine,^  facile  vestigium  recipie-  to  the  state 

^  .  .  .  of  the  snow. 

bat ;  *  Ut  ^  vero  tot  hommum  lumentorum-  i5 

que  incessu  dilapsa  est,  per  nudam    infra  glaciem<^ 
fluentemque  tabem"^  liquescentis   nivis   ingredieban- 
tur.     Taetra   ibi  luctatio   erat,   lubrica  glacie  citius 
pedes   fallente,    quod    in    proclivi    erat,    nee   stirpes 
circa  radicesve,  ad   quas  pede  aut  manu   quisquam  20 
adhaerere  posset,^  erant.     Iumenta  secabant  etiam  in- 
finmm  ingredientia  nivem,  ut^  velut  pedica^^  capta 
baererent  in  dura  et  alte  concreta  glacie.     Tandem, 
nequicquam    iumentis    atque    hominibus   ^1^^^  ^re 
fatigatis,  castra  illic  posita  sunt.    69.  Inde   n'iakeanew     ^5 
ad  viam  per  rupem  praecipitem  munien-   {iec^^/Vie^ 
dam  1  milites  duxit  Hannibal ;  ac  iumentis   ^•*^^«- 
quidem  equisque  transitum  uno  die  expedivit,  quos 
transmisit   statim,    dimisitque    ad    pascua    in    locis, 


24 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


ubi  nulla  nix  reperiebatur.  Tertio  tandem  die 
elephantos  traiecit,  iam  prope  fame  absumptos ;  nuda 
enim  fere  caciimina  sunt,  et,  quicquid  pabuli^  est, 
They  arrive  obruuut  nivcs.  luferiora  ^  valles  apri- 
5  vaiiej^^and*^  ^^^  habeut,  Hvosque  et  humano  eultu  ^ 
p^ain  Oct  diguiora  loca.  70.  Iride  ad  planum  de- 
218  B.C.  scensum   est,   toto   itinere   a   Carthagine 

Nova  quinque  mensibus  confecto,  Alpibus  quin- 
Extent  of         decim  diebus  ^  superatis.     E  copiis  resta- 

Hannibal's  .  ......  ,. 

10  losses.  bant  incolumes  viginti  millia  peditum,  sex 

equitum.  L.  Cincius  Alimentus,  qui  captus  est  ab 
Hannibale,  scribit,  se  ex  ipso  Hannibale  audisse, 
postquam  Rhodanum  transient,'^  triginta  sex  millia 
hominum  ingentemque  numerum  equorum  et  aliorum 

15  iumentorum  amisisse.^ 

71.  Hannibal,  Insubrium  fines  ingressus,  con- 
He  helps  fectum  inopia  ac  laboribus  exercitum 
againsrSo^^  reficere  instituit.  Posthac  Taurinos,  qui 
Taunni,  bellum  adversus  Insubres  moverant,  ad 

20  societatem  pellicere  tentavit,  quumque  id  ^  recusa- 
vissent,  caput  gentis  vi  expugnavit.  72.  Interea 
P.  Cornelius  consul,  qui  Pisas  ^  navibus  venerat, 
exercitu-  a  Manlio  Atilioque  accepto,  in  Hanni- 
aud  finds         balcm  fcstiiiabat,  ut  cum  hoste  nondum 

2^  on  the  nortif  Tcfccto  mauus  conscrerct.  Iam  prope  in 
of  the  Po.  conspectu  erant  exercitus,  et  Padum  tra 
iecisse^  consulem  Hannibali  nuntiatum  est.  Primo 
vix  credidit  famae,  quia  paucis  ante  diebus'*  Scipi- 
onem  ad  Rhodanum  reliquerat;   nee  minus  admira- 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


25 


batur  Romanus  Hannibalis  audaciam  et  fortunam, 
quum  ne  tentaturum  quidem^  Alpes  transire,  et,  si 
tentasset,^  misere  periturum  esse,  sibi  persuasisset. 
73.  Castris  ad  Ticinum  amnem  positis,  Scipio  mi- 
lites  adhortatus  est.     "  Si  eum,"  inquit,   Scipio's  5 

S1J66Cll  to  Ills 

"  exercitum,  milites,  educerem  in  aciem,   array, 
quem  in  Gallia  mecum  habui,  supersedissem  ^  loqui ; 
non  enim  opus  esset  adhortari  aut  eos  equites,  qui 
equitatum   hostium   ad   Rhodanum    flumen    egregie 
vicerunt,2  aut  eas  legiones,  cum  quibus  fugientem  ^  10 
hunc   ipsum   hostem  secutus  sum.     Nunc,  quia  ille 
exercitus   in   Hispania   provincia   mea  bellum   gerit 
ego  vero,  ut  consulem  ducem  adversus  Hannibalem 
haberetis,*  hue  adveni,  novo  imperatori  ^  apud  novos 
milites  pauca  verba  facienda  sunt.     Vobis,   milites,  15 
pugnandum  est^  cum  iis,  quos  terra  marique  priore 
bello''  vicistis,  a  quibus  stipendium  per 
viginti  annos  exegistis,  a  quibus  capta^  the  First 
Siciliam  ac  Sardiniam  habetis.     74    Nee  and  reminds 

.ii.  .  1       '  1         .  them  that 

nunc  lUi,  quia  audent,  sed  quia  necesse  est,   even  in  Gaul    20 

, .   .  .     Hannibal 

pugnaturi   sunt ;    nisi   creditis,    eos,    qui  had  declined 

.,.         1         .  1    ,         ,  .,ia  battle. 

exercitu  incolumi  pugnam  detrectaverint,^ 
duabus  partibus^  peditum  equitumque  in  transitu 
Alpium  amissis,  plus  spei^  nactos  esse.  At  enim 
pauci  quid  em  ^  sunt,  sed  vigentes  animis  corpori-  25 
busque.  Effigies  immo.^  umbrae  hominum,  fame, 
frigore,  illuvie  enecti,  contusi  inter  saxa  rupesque ; 
praeusti  ^  artus,  membra  torrida  "^  gelu,  fracta  arma, 
claudi  ac  debiles  equi.     Cum  hoc  equite,  cum  hoc^ 


26 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


pedite  pugnaturi  estis ;  reliquias  hostium,  iion 
hostes  habebitis ;  ac  vereor  ne,  quum  vos  pugna- 
veritis,  Alpes  vicisse  Hannibalem  videantur.^  Sed 
ita  forsitan  decet,  foederum  ruptorem  ducem  ac 
5  populum  deos  ipsos  sine  ulla  humana  ope  profli- 
gare,io  nos  profligatum  conficere.  75.  Experiri 
oportet  utrum  alios  repente  Carthaginienses  terra 
ediderit,^  an  iidem  sint  qui  ad  Aegates  pugnaverint^ 
insulas.3  Vos  ego  milites  non  eo  solum  animo,  quo 
10  adversus  alios  hostes  soletis,  pugnare  velim,'*  sed 
cum  indignatione  quadam,  velut  si  servos  videatis^ 
vestros  arma  repente  contra  vos  ferentes.  Licuit*^ 
„,  .       ad  Erycem''  clausos  fame  interficere;  licuit 

attack  was       victriccm  classcm  in  Africam  traiicere  at- 

both  un- 

15  grateful  and      quc  intra  paucos  dies  sine  ullo  certamine 

Carthaginem  delere  ;  veniam  dedimus  pre- 

cantibus,  emisimus  ex  obsidione,  pacem  cum  victis 

fecimus.     Pro  ^  his  impertitis  furiosum  iuvenem  se- 

quentes    oppugnatum^    patriam    nostram     veniunt. 

20  76.  Atque  utinam  pro  decore  tantum  ^  hoc  vobis 
et  non  pro  salute  esset  ^  certamen  !  Non  de  pos- 
sessione  Siciliae  ac  Sardiniae,  sed  pro  Italia  vobis 
est  pugnandum.  Nee  est  alius  ab  tergo  ^  exercitus, 
qui,  si  nos  vincamur,^  obsistat^  hosti;  hie  est  obstan- 

25  dum  milites,  velut  si  ante  Romana  moenia  pugne- 
mus.*^  Unusquisque  se  non  corpus  suum,  sed  coniu- 
gem  ac  liberos  armis  protegere  putet;^  nee  domes- 
ticas^  solum  nunc  agitet  curas,  sed  identidem  hoc 
animo    reputet,    nostram     nunc     intueri**^   virtutem 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


27 


senatum  populumque  Romanum,  et,  qualis  nostra 
virtus  fuerit,  talem  ^^  fortunam  Romani  imperii  fore." 
77.  Haec^  apud  Romanes  consul.  Hannibal  rebus 
prius  quam  verbis  adhortandos  esse  milites 

,  ,.  ^  .  ,.  .  Hannibal 

ratus,  captivos  montanos  in  medio  exercitu  lets  his  5 

statuit,  armisque  Gallicis ante  pedes eorum   figMfo" 
proiectis,  interrogare  interpretem   iussit,    ^^   °™' 
ecquis  decertare   ferro  vellet,^  ea  lege^  ut  vinculis 
levaretur,  armaque  et  equum  victor  acciperet,  victus  * 
autem  morte  a  malis  liberaretur.     Quum  ad  unum  ^  10 
omnes   pugnam   poscerent,    deiecta  in  id*   sors  est, 
et    quisque,    ut   sors    exciderat,''   gaudio   exsultans, 
cum   sui    moris    tripudiis    arma    capiebat.      Aliquot 
spectatis    paribus  ^    reliquos    abduci    iussit.      Quos 
quum    miserarentur  ^    spectatores,    mortuorum    vero  15 
fortunam    laudarent,    dux    in     mediam    contionem 
ingressus  ita  apud  eos  locutus  fertur.^^ 

78.  "  Si  eundem  mox  in  aestimanda  fortuna  vestra 
habebitis  animum,  quem  in  alienis^ 


CaSl-    and  thea 


tells  his 
soldiers  that 


20 


confined  as 
thej'  now  are 
in  an  enemy's 
land. 


bus  spectandis  paulo  ante  habuistis,  vici- 

mus,2  milites;  non  enim  spectaculum  modo  ivkJ'tSror 

illud  sed  veluti  imago  vestrae  condicionis   ^^f,«P'!!^*^?„^^ 

erat.     Vobis  enim  fortasse  maiora  vincula 

quam  captivis  vestris  fortuna  circumdedit. 

Dextra  laevaque  maria  claudunt,  nullam  ne  ad  effu-  25 

gium    quidem  ^    navem    habentes.  *      Circa    Padus 

amnis  maior  ac  violentior  Rhodano,  ab  tergo  Alpes 

urgent.     Hie  vincendum  aut  moriendum  est,  milites, 

ubi   primum    hosti   occurristis.     79.    Et   eadem    for- 


28 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAR. 


tuna,  quae  necessitatem  pugnandi  imposuit,  prae- 
mia  vobis  victoribus  i  proponit,  quibus  ampliora 
homines  ne  optare  quidem  2  solent.  Si  Siciliam 
Thoymust  tantum  ac  Sardiniam  parentibus^  nostris 
*  paTwr'ongs,  ^^eptas  Fecuperaturi  essemus/  satis  tamen 
s^lod  b^l  ^"™P^^  P^®^^^  ®s«®"t  ^  quicquid  Romani  tot 
Rome/'^  triumphis  partum  possident,  id  omne  ves- 

trum   cum   ipsis   dominis  ^   futurum   est. 
Satis  adhuc  in  vastis  Lusitaniae  et  Celtiberiae  mon- 
10   tibus   sine   ullo   emolumento   tot    laborum  ^    pericu- 
lorumque    gessistis    bella;    tempus    est^    iam    opu- 
lenta  vos  stipendia^  faeere,  tantum  itineris  per  tot 
montes  fluminaque  et  tot  armatas  gentes  emensos.^ 
80.    Nec^    tarn    difficilem    existimaritis  2    victoriam 
15   fore,    quam   magni   nominis^   bellum  est;    saepe  et 
contemptus  hostis  cruentum  certamen   edidit,  et  in- 
cliti  populi  reges   levi  momehto  *  victi  sunt.     Nam 
dempto  hoc  nominis  Romani  fulgore,^  quid  est,  cur 
illi   vobis   comparandi    sint?^      Pugnabitis   veterani 
20   cum   exercitu   tirone,   hac  ipsa  aestate  caeso,  victo, 
circumsesso  a  Gallis,^   ignoto  adhuc  duci  suo  igno- 
ranti^que    ducem.      An  ego  me  cum  semestri^   hoc 
conferam  duce,    qui,  alumnus  ^^   prius   vester   quam 
imperator,  saepe  ante  oculos  cuiusque  vestrum  mili- 
25   taria   facinora   edidi,  vestrae   virtutis   spectator  lau- 
datorque     toties    fui  ?      81.    Inferimus    bellum    in 
Italiam,    tanto    audacius    pugnaturi    quam    hostes, 
quanto  maior  est  animus  inferentis  vim  ^  quam  ar- 
centis.     Accendit  praeterea  et  stimulat  animos  dolor, 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


29 


iniuria,  indignitas.2     Ad  supplicium  depoposcerunt  ^ 
me   ducem   primum,*   deinde    vos   omnes ;    deditos  ^ 
ultimis  cruciatibus  affecturi  fuerunt.^^     Crudelissima 
ac    superbissima    gens    omnia    sui    arbitrii  ^    facit; 
circumscribit    includitque     nos    terminis     montium  5 
fluminumque,   neque  eos,   quos  statuit,  terminos  ob 
servat.      82.    Duos    consules    huius   anni,    unum   in 
Africam,    alterum    in    Hispaniam    miserunt.     Nihil 
usquam  nobis   relictum  est,   nisi  quod  armis  vindi- 
caverimus.i     Illis  timidis  et  ignavis  esse  licet,  quos  10 
sua     terra    per     tuta    itinera    fugientes  2     accipiet : 
vobis  necesse  est  fortibus  viris  esse,  et  aut  vincere 
aut  in  proelio  potius  quam  in  fuga  mortem  oppetere. 
Si    hoc    bene   fixuni    in    animo   est,    iterum   dicam, 
vicistis ;    nullum    enim    contemptu  ^    mortis    telum  15 
ad    vincendum   acrius    homini   ab    dis   immortalibus 
datum  est."      83.  His  adhortationibus  quum  utrin- 
que  ad  certamen  accensi  militum  animi   The  Romans 
essent,  Romani  ponte  Ticinum  iungunt,i   Tidnul!^ 
tutandique   pontis   causa  2   castellum    insuper  impo-  20 
nunt;   Poenus,  hostibus  opere  occupatis,^  Maharba- 
lem  cum  ala  Numidarum,   equitibus  quingentis,  ad 
populandos   sociorum   populi   Romani    agros  mittit; 
Gallis  parci  '*  quam  maxime  iubet,  principumque  ani- 
mos ad  defectionem  sollicitari.     Ponte  perfecto  Roma-  25 
nus  exercitus  in  agrum  Insubrium  traductus  quinque 
millia    passuum    ab    Ictumulis     consedit.      84.  Ibi 
Hannibal  castra  habebat ;   revocatoque  propere  Ma- 
harbale    atque    equitibus,    quum    instare    certamen 


30 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAR. 


ceriieret,  vocatis  ad  contionem  militibus  certa  prae- 
Hannibai         ^^^  proponit ;  agrum  sese  daturum  i  esse 
KIwTrdrto        "^   Italia,   Africa,   Hispania,  ubi   quisque 
his  army.         vellct ;    si   quis    pecuniam   quam   agrum 
5  maluisset,  2     ei     se     argentx)     satisfacturum ;     soci- 
orum    iis,    qui    cives    Carthagiuienses    fieri   vellent, 
potestatem  facturum^  esse;    servis  quoque  dominos 
secutis   libertatem    proponit,   biua^que    pro   iis  man- 
cipia  domiuis,  ait,  se  redditurum.      Eaque  ut  rata^ 
10  scireut   fore,    agnum    laeva    manu,    dextera    silicem 
retinens,  deos  precatus,  ut,  si  falleret,^  ita,  se  macta- 
rent,^  quemadmodum  ipse   agnum,  secundum   preca- 
tionem  caput  pecudis  saxo  ^  elisit      Tum  vero  omnes 
proelium  uno  animo  et  voce  una  poscebant. 
15      85.   Apud  Komanos  haudquaquam  tanta  alacritas 
The  Romans     ^^^^'y  ^^^  supcr  cctcra  rcccutibus  etiam  ter- 
rlged  by"'        ^^^^  ^^^^'^  prodigiis ;  nam  et  lupus  intra- 
omeiKs.  ygj,3^|.  castra,  laniatisque  obviis  ipse  intac- 

tus  evaserat,  et  examen  apum  in  arbore  praetorio 
•20  imminente  consedei-at.  Quibus  procuratis,i  Scipio 
scipiowith  ^^^^  equitatu  iaculatoribusque  expeditis 
meeirttmt  of  profcctus  ad  castra  hostium  speculanda,  ob- 
tho  enemy.  yj^jg  Hauuibali  factus  est  et  ipsi  2  cum  equi- 
tibus  ad  exploranda  circa  ^  loca  progress©.  Utrisque^ 
•23  oriens  pulvis  signum  propinquantium  hostium  fuit. 
86.  Constitit  utrumque  agmen  et  ad  proelium  se 
expediebant.i  Scipio  iaculatores  et  Gallos  cquites 
in  fronte  locavit,  Romanos  sociorumque  robur  in 
subsidiis.-      Hannibal    frenatos  ^    equites    in    medio 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


31 


posuit,  cornua  Numidis  firmavit.      Vixdum  clamore 
sublato,    iaculatores*   hostium   impetu    territi    fuge- 
runt    inter    subsidia    ad    secundam    aciem.      Inde 
equitum    certamen    erat    aliquamdiu    anceps,    donee 
Numidae,    qui    in    cornibus    erant,    circumvecti    ab  5 
tergo*"^    se    ostenderunt.      87.    Pavor    inde    perculit 
Romanos,  auxitque  pavorem  consulis  vul-   r^^  Romans 
nus    periculumque,    qui    quidem    pubes-   are  repulsed, 
centis^    filii    auxilio    servatus    esse,  dicitur.      Hie 
erat    iuvenis,    penes    quem    perfecti    huiusce    belli  2 10 
laus  est,  Africanus  ob  egregiam  victoriam^  de  Han- 
nibale    Poenisque    appellatus.       Fuga    iaculatorum 
maxime   effusa  erat;   equitatus   consulem   in    castra 
nusquam  trepide  cedendo  reduxit. 

88.   Hoc  primum  cum    Hannibale  proelium    fuit;  15 
quo  apparuit,  equitatu  meliorem  Poenum 
esse,   et  ob  id  campos  patentes,i  quales   n^gbt'rTtires 
sunt  inter  Padum  Alpesque,  Romanis  bello   Susfand 
gerendo  non  aptos  esse.     Itaque  proxima   PoTma-'' 
nocte,  iussis  militibus  silentio  vasa  colli-   *'^"*^''*'  20 

gere,    castra    ab    Ticino    mota,    festinatumque    ad 
Padum  est,  ut  sine  tumultu  atque  insectatione  hostis 
copias   traiiceret.      89.  Prius  Placentiam  pervenere, 
quam  satis  sciret^  Hannibal  ab  Ticino  pro-   Hannibal 
fectos  esse ;  tamen  scxcentos,  in  citeriore   i^idl'^Jos^f^'  25 
ripa  moratos,   segniter  ratem  2  solventes  JJ^'^erTp 
cepit.     Transire  pontem  non  potuit,  quod   Sffrom'' 
extrema  iam  resoluta  erant.     Itaque  con-   Piacentia. 
verso    itinere    biduum    advcrso    flumine    progressus 


32 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


A  rising  of 
Gauls  in  the 
Roman  camp 
induces 
1"  Scipio  to 
withdraw  to 
higher 
ground  on 
the  rivoi 


est;  tandem  loco  invento,  ubi  flumen  rate  iun- 
geret,^  Magonem  cum  equitibus  praemisit;  ipse 
legationibus  Gallorum  audiendis*  moratus,  traiicie- 
bat  gravius  peditum  agmen.  Mago  equitesque 
5  Placentiam  contendunt.  Hannibal  paucis  post 
diebus^  sex  millia^  a  Placentia  castra  communivit. 
90.  Insequenti  nocte  caedes  in  castris  Romanis  ab 
auxiliaribus  Gallis  facta  est.  Duo  inillia 
peditum  et  ducenti  equites,  vigilibus  ad 
portas  trucidatis,  ad  Hannibalem  transfu- 
gere;  (juos  Poenus  benigne  allocutus  et 
dona  pollicitus  in  civitatem  quemque  suam 
he  waitrfo?*^^  ad  sollicitandos^  popularium  animos  dimi- 
his  colleague,  git.  Scipio  cacdcm  earn  signum  defectionis 
15  omnium  Gallorum  esse  ratus,  quamquam  gravis  adhuc 
vulnere  erat,  tamen  quarta  vigilia  ^  noctis  insequentis 
tacito  agmine  profectus,  ad  Trebiam  fluvium  in  loca 
altiora  collesque  impeditiores  equiti^  castra  movit. 
91.  Minus  quam  ad  Ticinum  fefellitji  missisque 
20  Hannibal  primura  Numidis,  deinde  omni  equitatu, 
turbavisset^  utique  novissimum^  agmen,  nisi  avidi- 
tate  praedae  in  vacua  Romana  castra  Numidae  de- 
vertissent.  Ibi  dum  tern  pus  terunt,'*  emissus  hostis 
est  de  manibus ;  ^  et  quum  iam  transgresses  Trebiam 
25  Romanos  conspexissent,  paucos  citra  flumen  inter- 
ceptos  occiderunt.  Scipio  coUegam  ratus  exspec- 
tandum  esse,  iam  enim  revocatum  ex  Sicilia  audi- 
erat,  locum,  qui  prope  flumen  tutissimus  stativis 
est    visus,    communiit.     92.    Hannibal    quum    baud 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JFAR, 


33 


procul  inde  consedisset  crescente  in  dies  i  inopia,  ad 
Clastidium  vicum,  quo  magnum  frumenti 
numerum^   congesserant   Romani,    misit.    seS'the 
Ibi   dum   vim   parant,  proditione,   Dasio  Saga^Snesat 
Brundisino  praefecto  praesidii   corrupto,    ^^^'^^^^""-     5 
traditum  est  Hannibali  oppidum.      Id  horreum  fuit 
Poenis    sedentibus    ad    Trebiam.      In    captivos,    ut 
fama    clementiae    in    principio    rerum    colligeretur, 
non  saevitum  est.^ 

93.  Quum  ad   Trebiam  terrestre   cbnstitisset  bel- 10 
lum,  interim  circa  Siciliam  et  a  Sempronio   Meanwhile 
consule    et    ante    adventum    eius    terra  ^heCartha- 

ginian  fleet  18 

manque  bellum  gestum.     Vidnti  naves  a   r^^pu^sed 

^  ,     .  *^  *->  fiotn  Lily- 

Oarthaginiensibus  ad  populandam  Italiae   i>aeum. 
Oram  missae  erant,  quinque  et  triginta  in   Siciliam  is 
ad  sollicitandos  veteres  socios  Lilybaeum^ue  occu- 
pandum.     Ea    re    cognita,    omnia    apud    Lilybaeum 
parata  sunt  ante  hostium  adventum  a  M.  Aemilio 
praetore,     cuius     Sicilia     provincia     erat.       Itaque, 
conserta  pugna,  fugatae  naves  Punicae,  septem  cum  20 
militibus  nautisque  captis.     Secundum  banc  pugnam 
Ti.  Sempronius  consul  in  Siciliam  traiecit:   ^j^^  ^^^^^ 
mox    literae   ab    senatu    de    transitu    in  ?e"^pi*omus 

_.  ^  is  called  to 

Italiam  Hannibalis,  et  ut  collegae  statim   JoinScipio. 
ferret  2  auxilium,  traduntur.     Milites,  ut  Ariminum^  25 
intra     dies     quadraginta     convenirent,     iureiurando 
adegit;^  quo  facto  ^  ad  Scipionem  pervenit. 

94.  Iam  ambo  consules  Hannibali  oppositi  sunt; 
quorum    alter    vulnere    confectus    protrahi    bellum 


34 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


malebat,    ferocior    alter    nullam    dilationem    patie- 


batur  :   et   hostium  praedatoribus  pulsis, 
Trebia,  he  is     ayx\    in   afiji'iim   Gallicum   inter    Trebiam 

urercnt  to  ^  ° 


Having 
reached  the 


check  the 
ravages  of 
5  Hannibal. 


, ,  prepares  an 
ambush  for 
him, 


Padumqiie  missi  erant,  gaudio  elatus  re- 
stitutes a  se  militum  animos  jactabat, 
nee  quemquam  esse  praeter  eollegam,  qui  dilatam 
dimicationem  1  vellet.-  Siimulabat  et  tempus  pro- 
pinquum  comitioruni,-^  ne  in  novos  consules  bellum 
differretur,*    et    occasio^    in    se    unum^    vertendae 

10  gloriae,  dum  aeger  collega  erat.  Itaque,  nequic- 
quam  dissentiente  Cornelio,  parari  ad  propinquum^ 
certamen  milites  iubet. 

95.  Hannibal,  quum,  quid  optimum  foret^  hosti, 
Hannibal  cemeret,  vix  ullam  spem  habebat,  temere 
atque  improvide  quicquam  consules  ac- 
turos :  tamen  quum  alterius  ^  ingenium, 
fama  prius,  deinde  re  cognitum,  percitum  et  ferox 
sciret  esse,  adesse  gerendae  rei  occasionem  putabat ; 
quumqiie    paratos  pugnae  esse   Romanos  a  specula- 

20  toribus  Gallis  relatum  esset,  locum  insidiis  circum- 
spectare  coepit.  96.  Erat  in  medio  rivus  altis 
utrinque  clausus  ripis  et  circa  obsitus  palustribus 
herbis  et  virgultis  vepribusque,  quibus  fere  inculta 
vestiuntur.      Quem    ubi    vidit,    "Hie    erit    locus," 

26  Magoni  f ratri  ait,  "  quem  teneas.^  Delige  centenos  ^ 
viros  ex  omni  pedite  at-que  equite,  cum  quibus  ad 
me  vigilia  prima  venias ;  nunc  corpora  curare 
tempus  est."  Mox  cum  delectis  Mago  aderat, 
quibus    Hannibal     singulis    novenos^    sibi    similes 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


35 


eh'gere  imperavit.  97.  Ita  cum  mille  equitibus 
Magone  et  mille  peditibus  ad  insidiarum  locum 
dimisso,  Hannibal  prima  luce  Numidas  equites 
transgressos  Trebiam  flumen  obequitare  iubet  hos- 
tium portas  iaculandoque  in  stationes  and  draws  5 
elicere  ad  pugnam  hostes,  deinde  cedendo  the"rivcn  ^ 
sensim  citra  flumen  pertrahere.  Haec  mandata 
Numidis ;  ceteris  ducibus  peditum  equitumque 
praeceptum,  ut  prandere  omnes  iuberent,  deinde 
armatos  instratis^que  equis  signum  exspectare  10 

98.  Sempronius    ad    tumultum  ^    Numidarura    pri- 
mum  omnem  equitatum,  deinde  sex  millia  peditum, 
postremo  omnes   copias   avidus   certaminis  2   eduxit. 
Erat  forte  bruniae  tempus  et  nivalis  dies :  accedebat, 
quod  3  raptim  eductis  hominibus  *  atque  equis,  non  15 
capto   ante  cibo,   nihil    caloris  ^  inerat,  et  eo  acrior 
afflabat  frigoris  vis.     Ut  vero  refugientes  The  Romans. 
Numidas  insequentes  aquam  ingressi  sunt^^  and  coUHro  ' 
(et  erat  pectoribus  tenus  aucta  nocturno  ^v^iief/^'^ 
imbri),  tum  egressis    riorebant   omnibus^  ^K*^*^!"'A''*''      20 

*^ .  ^  attacked  by 

corpora,  ut^  vix  armorum  tenendorum  the  enemy, 
potentia  esset,  et  simul  lassitudine  et,  procedente 
iam  die,  fame  etiam  deficiebant.  99.  Hannibalis 
interim  miles,i  ignibus  ante  tentoria  factis  oleoque 
per  manipulos,  ut  mollirent  artus,  misso  et  cibo  per  25 
otium  2  capto,  ubi  transgressos  flumen  hostes  nuntia- 
tum  est,  alacer  animis  corporibusque  arma  cepit 
atque  in  aciem  ^  processit.  Baliares  ^  locat  ante 
signa    ac    levem    armaturam,     octo     ferme     millia 


36 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


hominum,  dein  graviorem  armis  peditem  ;  in  corni- 
bus  circumfudit  decani  millia  equitum,  et  ab  corni- 
bus  ^  in  utramque  partem  divisos  elephantos  statuit. 
100.  Duodeviginti  millia  Romanorum  erant,  socium  i 

5  Latinorum  viginti,  auxilia  praeterea  Cenomanorum ; 
ea  sola  in  fide  manserat  Gallica  gens.  Proelium  a 
Baliaribus  ortum  est.  Equitatus  Komanus,  qui  vix 
iara  decern  millibus  equitum  Numidarum  resistebant, 
obruti     sunt     insuper     velut     nube     iaculorum     a 

10  Baliaribus  coniecta.  Ad  hoc  2  elephanti  eminentes  ab 
extremis  cornibus,  equis  maxime  non  visu  modo,  sed 
odore  insolito  territis,  fugam  late  faciebant.  Pedestris 
pugna  par  animis  ^  magis  quam  viribus  erat,  quum 
Poenorum  paulo  ante  curata  corpora  essent,  contra  * 

15  Romanorum  ieiuna  fessaque  et  rigentia  gelu  tor- 
perent.  101.  Restitissent  tamen,  si  cum  pedite 
solum  pugnandum  fuisset,  sed  et  Baliares,  pulso 
equite,  iaculabantur  in  latera,  et  elephanti  iam  in 
mediam  aciem  sese  tulerant,  et  Mago  Numidaeque, 

20  and  the  simuP    latcbras  eorum  praeterlata  acies 

ImbvisiTtake  cst,  cxorti  ab  tergo  ingentem  tumultum  ac 
i^n'"'^'  terrorem  fecere.  Simul  novus  terror 
additus,  fusis  Gallorum  auxiliis  in  sinistro  cornu 
positis.     Itaque,  quum  iam  circumventi  2  pugnarent 

25  decem   millia   ferme  hominum,   quum  alia  ^  evadere 
Some  cut  ncquisscut,  media  Afrorum  acie  cum  in- 

theirway         ^eiiti  cacdc  hostium  perrupere,  et  quum 

through  to  &  ^       *  a         •        '    i. 

piacentia;        ncquc  in  castra  reditus  esset  tlumine  mter- 
clusis,^  neque  prae  ^  imbri  satis  decernere  possent,  qua 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


37 


suis  opem  f errent,  ^  Placentiam  '^  recto  itinere  per- 
venere.  102.  Qui  flumen  petiere,^  aut  gurgitibus 
absumpti  sunt,  aut  inter  cunctationem  ingrediendi 
ab  hostibus   oppressi ;    pauci   transgressi  few  only 

•^      ^„^i.  -m-     •        •  -1.     returned  to 

m    castra    pervenere.      Funs   msequendi   their  camp.      5 
hostis  Poenis  flumen   Trebia   fuit,    et   ita   torpentes 
gelu   in   castra    rediere,  ut    vix    laetitiam    victoriae 
sentirent.     Itaque  insequenti  nocte  prae-   g^jpj^,  ^^^^ 
sidium  castrorum  et  quod  reliquum  exer-  ^^*^  ^"'■• 

t-  ^  ^        vivors,  re- 

citus  2  in  castris  erat,  quietis  Poenis,  ab  ^^m^-.         10 
Scipione  Placentiam  perductum  est. 

103.  Romam  tantus  terror  ex  hac  clade  perlatus 
est,  ut  iam  ad  urbem  Romanam  crederent  infestis 
signisi  hostem  venturum,  nee  quicquam  spei  aut 
auxilii  esse,  quo  a  portis  moenibusque  vim  arcerent.  15 
Ita  2  territis  Sempronius  consul  advenit,  ingenti 
periculo  per  effusos  passim  ad  praedandum  ^  hostium 
equites  transgressus.  Comitiis  ^  consularibus  habitis 
in  hiberna  rediit.  Creati  consules  Cn.^  Election  of 
Servilius  et  C.  Flaminius.  rSme."*^        20 

104.  Interea  Numidae  equites  in  Gallia  Cisalpina 
passim    vagabantur,    Romanis^que    omnes    undique 
clausi  2    commeatus    erant,   nisi    quos    Pado    naves 
subveherent.3      Ad     prima    veris    signa 
Hannibal,  quum  animadvertisset  moleste  attempt^  to     25 
Gallos  ferre,  quod  in  ipsorum"*  regione  bel-   A^un^nes, 
lum  traheretur,^  hostium  fines  invadere   ^^"^•'^* 
constituit.     Itaque  profectus   ex  hibernis  exercitum 
in  Etruriam  ducere  conatus  est.     105.  Transeuntem 


38 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


Appenninum  adeo  atrox  adorta  tempestas  est,  lit 
but  is  driven  Alpium  prope  foeditatem  superaverit. 
atorrn/  *  Vento  mixtus  imber  qiium  ferretur  in  ipsa 
ora,  primo   constitere :    deinde  quum   iam   spiritum 

5  intercluderet  nee  reciprocare  ^  animam  sineret, 
aversi  a  vento  paruniper  consedere.  Turn  vero 
ingenti  sono  caelum  strepere  2  et  inter  horrendos 
f ragores  niicare  ignes  ;  capti  auribus  ^  et  oculis  metu 
omnes    torpere ;  *    tandem    eftuso    imbre,    quum   eo 

10  magis  accensa  vis  venti  esset,  ipso  illo,  quo  deprensi 
erant,  loco  castra  ponere  necessarium  visum  est. 
106.  Id  vero  laboris  velut  de  integro  ^  initium 
fuit ;  nam  nee  explicare  ^  quicquam  nee  statuere  ^ 
poterant  nee,  quod   statutum  esset,"^  manebat,  onniia 

15  perscindente  vento  et  rapiente.  Et  mox  tantum 
nivosae  grandinis  montibus  deiectum  est,  ut  omni- 
bus omissis  procumberent  homines,  tegminibus  suis 
magis  obruti  quam  tecti ;  tantaque  vis  frigoris 
insecuta  est,  ut  ex   ilia  miserabili    hominum  iumen- 

20  torumque  strage,^  quum  se  quisque  extollere  ac 
levare  vellet,  diu  nequiret,''  quia,  torpentibus  rigore 
nervis "  vix  flectere  artus  poterant.  Biduum  eo 
loco  velut  obsessi  mansere  ;  multi  homines,  multa 
iumenta,    elephanti    quoque    ex  iis,    qui   proelio   ad 

25  Trebiam  facto  superfuerant,  septem  absumpti. 

107.  Degressus  Appennino  retro  ad  Placentiam 
castra  movit,  et  ad  decem  millia^  progressus  con- 
sedit.  Ibi  cum  Sempronio  consule  pugnatum  est 
incerto   eventu.     Nox    proelium    diremit,    et,    sicut 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


39 


aequata  ferme  pugria  erat,  ita  clade  pari  discessum 
est ;  sed  maior  Komanis  quam  pro  immero  -  iactura 
fuit,  quia  equestris  ordinis  aliquot  et  tribuni  mili- 
tum  quiu(|uc  et  praefecti  soeiorum  tres  sunt  inter- 
fecti.  Secundum  earn  pui^nani  Hannibal  in  Ligures,  r, 
Sempronius  Lucani  concessit. 

108.   Komae    aut    circa    urbem    multa    ea    hieme 
prodigia^  facta  aut,  quod   evenire  solet   Pr<>dif,Mes 
motis  semel  in  religioneni  aninn's,  multa    •*,*  JSleeuuntly 
nuntiata  et  temere  credita  sunt,  in  ()uis  -   ^"•*""^-  lo 

iuirenuum  infantem  semestrem  in  foro  olitorio 
triumphum  clamasse,^  et  in  foro  l)oario  bovem  in 
tertiam  contignationem  sua  sponte  escendisse  atc^ue 
inde  tumultu  habitatorum  tei-ritum  sese  deieeissc,  et 
navium  speciem  de  caelo  attulsisse,  et  aedem  Spei,  i.-. 
que  est  in  foro  olitorio,  fulmine  ictam,  et  l.aiuivii 
hastam  se  commovisse  et  corvum  in  aedem  lunonis  ^ 
devolasse  atque  in  ipso  pulvinari ''  consedisse,  et 
in  agro  Amiteinino  multis  locis  homiiumi  specie 
procul  Candida  veste  visos '"'  nee  cum  ullo  congressos,''  20 
et  in  Piceno  lapidibus  pluvisse,*^  et  Caere  -^  sortes  ^^ 
extenuatas,  et  in  (4allia  lupum  vigili  '^  gladium  ex 
vagina  raptum  abstulisse.  109.  Ob  caetera  pro- 
digia^  libros-  adire  decemviri  iussi :  quod   Tiie 

1        •  1-1  1        •         ^  ••      •  1^-  ex].i;ition 

autem    lapidibus    pluvisset'    in    riceno,    oftiiom.  25 

novendiale  sacrum^  edictum  et  subinde  aliis  pro- 
curandis  prope  tota  ci  vitas  operata  fuit.  Nam 
primum  omnium  urbs  lustrata^  est  hostiae((ue 
maiores  '"•  caesae,   et  donum   ex  auri    pondo  quadra- 


40 


THE  HANNIBALIAN   WAIL 


ginta'^  Lanuvium  lunoiii  portatum  est  et  signum 
aeneum  matronae  lunoni  in  Aventiiio  dedicaverunt, 
et  lectisternium  ^  Caere,  ubi  sortes  extenuatae  erant, 
imperatum,    et     supplicatio     Fortunae    in    Algido ; 

5  Romae  quoque  lectisternium  et  supplicatio  ^  ad 
aedem  Herculis,  et  Genio  ^^  maiores  hostiae  caesae 
quinque,  et  C.  Atilius  Serranus  praetor  vota  susci- 
pere  iussus,  si  per  decern  annos  respublica  eodem 
stetisset^^  statu.     Haec  procurata  votaque^^  magna 

10  ex  parte  ^^  levaverant  religione  ^*  animos. 

110.  Consulum  designatorum  i  alter  Flaminius, 
Fiaminius,  cui  cac  Icgioucs,  quac  Placentiae  hiber- 
sut  beiiig""  nabant,  sorte  evenerant,  edictum  et  litteras 
imtrkiianii^^     ad  consulem  misit,  ut  is  exercitus  idibus 

^^  w?tirout7he  Martiis  Arimini  adesset  ^  in  castris.  Huic 
legal  cere-         j,j  proviucia  ^  consulatum  inire  consilium 

monies  and  t^ 

enters  on  his     q^qx,  meiiiori  ^  veterum  certaminum  ^  cum 

office  at 

Ariniinum,  patHbus,^  quac  tribunus  plebis  et  quae 
217  B.C.  postea  consul  prius  de  consulatu,  dein  de 

20  triumpho  habuerat,  invisus  etiam  patribus  ob 
legem,  quam  Q.  Claudius  tribunus  plebis  adverso 
senatu  atque  uno  ''  patrum  adiuvante  C.  Flaminio 
tulerat,^  ne  quis  senator,  cuive  senator  pater  fuisset,^ 
maritimam    navem,    (juae    plus    quam    trecentarum 

25  amphorarum  ^^  esset,^^  haberet.  Id  satis  habitum 
ad  fructus  ex  agris  vectandos ;  quaestus  ^'-  omnis 
patribus  indecorus  visus.  111.  Ea  res  invidiam 
apud  nobilitatem  suasori  legis  Flaminio,  favorem 
apud  plebem   alterumque   inde  consulatum   peperit. 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


41 


Ob  haec  ratus,  auspiciis  ementiendisi  Latinarumque 
feriarum-   mora    et    aliis    impedimentis    retenturos 
se   in   urbe,    simulato   itinere  privatus  clam  in  pro- 
vinciam  abiit.     Ea  res,  ubi  palam  facta  est,  novam 
insuper  iram  infestis  iam  ante  patribus  movit :  non  5 
cum  senatu  ^  modo,  sed  iam  cum  diis  *  immortalibus 
C.    Flaminium    bellum    gerere.      Revocandum    uni- 
versi  ^    retrahendumque    censuerunt    et    cogendum 
omnibus   prius   in   deos    hominesque    fungi    officiis, 
quam  ad  exercitum  et  in  provinciam  iret.     112.  Q.  10 
Terentius  et  M.   Antistius  legati  ^  ad  eum  profecti 
nihilo    magis     moverunt,    quam     priore     consulatu 
litterae^  moverant  ab  senatu  missae.     Paucos   post 
dies    magistratum    iniit,    immolantique    ei^    vitulus 
iam  ictus  e  manibus  sacrificantium  sese  quum  prori-  15 
puisset,   multos   circumstantes   cruore   respersit.     Id 
a    plerisque    in    omen    magni    terroris'*   acceptum. 
Legionibus   inde   duabus   a   Sempronio   prioris  anni 
consule,    duabus   a   C.    Atilio    praetore   acceptis,    in 
Etruriam  per  Appennini  tramites  exercitum  ducere  20 
coepit. 

113.     Iam     ver     appetebat.      Itaque     Hannibal 
iterum   ex   hibernis   movit.     Galli,   quos   Hannibal 
praedae  populationumque  conciverat  spes,   J^hS^"^ 


ters. 


quar- 


postquam  suas  terras  sedem  belli  esse 
premique  utriusque  partis  exercituum  1  hibernis 
videre,  verterant  in  Hannibalem  ab  Romanis  odia; 
pctitusque  saepe  principum  insidiis,  ipsorum  inter 
se  fraude-  servatus  erat,  et  mutando  nunc  vestem, 


25 


42 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


nunc  tegumenta  capitis,  sese  ab  insidiis  munierat. 
Ceterum  hie  quoque  ei  timor  causa  fuit  maturius 
nioveiuli  ex  hiberuis. 

114.  Per  idem  tenipus  Cn.  Servilius  consul  Romae 
5  Scruples  at       idibus    Mai'tiis    magistratum   iniit.     Ibi, 

Rome  about  .  ...  ^ii*        -i  t 

Fiaiuiniua.  quum  dc  VQ  ])ublica  Fcttulisset/  redin- 
tegrata  in  C.  Flaminium  invidia  est :  duos  se  con- 
sules  creasse,  unum  habere ;  illi  enim  neque  iustum 
imperium  -  neque   auspicium  esse.     Magistratus  id  ^ 

10  a  (U)nio,  sacris  rite  perfectis,  secum  ferre ;  nee  priva- 
tum auspicia  secpii,  nee  sine  auspiciis  profectum  in 
externo  ea  solo  concipere  posse.  115.  Augebant 
Prodigies.  mctum  piodigia  ex  pluribus  simul  locis 
nuntiata.      His    expositis    auctoribus^que   in  curiam 

15  introductis,  consul  de  religione  patres  consuluit. 
Deere  turn,  ut  ea  prodigia  partim  maioribus  hostiis,'-^ 
partim  lactentibus  procurarentur,^  et  uti  suppli- 
cation per  triduum  ad  omnia  pulvinaria  haberetur. 
116.  I>um   consul    placandis    Romae    dis    haben- 

20  Hanuibui  do(iuc  (Hloctui  dat  operam,  Harniibal 
v-iiiT'^«)f'tho*^  profeetus  ex  hibernis,  quia  iam  Flami- 
Arno;  and       nium  consulcm  Arrctium  pervenisse  fama 

with  Kroat  *■ 

difficulty  tra-     q^^c^^   quum  ^  aliud  loud  us,  ceterum  com- 

vcrsoH  the  '    t^  '^  ^  ^ 

swamps.  modius  osteiidcretur  iter,  propiorem  viam 

25  per  paludem  petit,  quo  fiuvius  Arnus  per  eos  dies 
solito  magis  inundaverat-  Hispanos  et  Afros 
primos  ire  iussit ;  sequi  Gallos,  ut  id  ^  agminis 
medium  esset;  novissimos'*  ire  equites ;  Magonem 
inde  cum  expeditis  Numidis  cogere  agmen,  maxime 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


43 


Wearing  the  To|?a. 
Statue  at  Dresden. 

(Schreiber-Anderson.) 
(p.  11.) 


Juno  Lanuvina  and  an  Augur. 

(Coin  of  Cornuficius, 

B.C.  44-42.) 

{p.  39.) 


Juno  Lanuvina. 
(Coin  of  L.  Procilius,  B.C.  79.) 

ip.  39.) 


Prow  of  a  Roman  Ship  of 

Hannibalian  times. 

(Hill's  Greek  and  Roman  Coins.) 

(p.  65.) 


Bronze  Coin,  struck  in  Etruria  during 

the  Hannibalian  War. 

(Head  of  Negro  and  Elephant.) 

(p.  43.) 


Gold  Roman  Coin  of  60  Sesterces,  struck 

during  the  Hannibalian  W^ar. 

(Head  of  Mars  and  Eagle  on  a  thunderbolt.) 

{p.  43.) 


Gallos,^  si  taedio  laboris  longaeque  viae  dilaberen- 
tur^    aut    subsisterent,     cohibentem.       117.  Primi, 
qua  modo^  praeirent  duces,  per  praealtas  fluvii  ac 
profundas  voragines,  hausti   pacne  limo   imniergen- 
tesque  se,^  tamen  signa  sequebantur.     Galli  ^  iieque  5 
sustinere  se  prolapsi  neque  assurgere  ex  voraginibus 
poterant,    nee   aut   corpora   aiiimis   aut   animos   spe 
sustinebaiit,  alii  fessa  aegre  trahentes  membra,  alii, 
ubi  scmel  victis  taedio  animis  procubuissent,   inter 
iumenta     passim     iacentia     morientes ;     maximeque  10 
omnium  vigiliaC*  conficiebant   per   quatriduum  iam 
et  tres  noctes  toleratae.      118.  Quum,   omnia   obti- 
nentibus  aquis,   nihil,   ubi  in  sicco  fessa  sternerenti 
corpora,  inveniri  posset,  cumulatis  in  aqua  sarcinis 
insuper   incumbebant,   aut  iumentorum  itinere   toto  15 
prostratorum  passim   accrvi  ad  quietem  parvi  tem- 
poris   necessarium^   cubile   dabant.      Ipse   Hannibal 
aeger   oculis^   ex   verna   intemperie,   elephanto,   qui 
uiuis    superfuerat,    quo^    altius    ab    aqua    exstaret, 
vectus,  vigiliis  tamen  et  nocturno  humore  gravante  ^  20 
caput,  et  quia  medendi  nee  locus  nee  tempus  erat, 
altero  oculo  capitur.^' 

119.  Multis  hominibus  iumentisque  foede  amissis, 
quum  tandem  de  paludibus  emersisset,  ubi   piaminius 

Jl  f"    A  T*T*P  t"  i  1 1  Til 

primum  in  sicco  potuit,  castra  locat,  cer-  is  eager  to       25 

,  •  r     i.         pursue  hira ; 

tiorque  per  exploratores  praemissos  tactus 
est,  exercitum  Romanum  circa  Arretii  moenia  esse. 
Consulis   deinde    consilia   atque    animum    et   situm 
regionum    itineraque    et   copias^   ad   commeatus   ex- 


44 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


pediendos  summa  cura  exquirebat.  Regio  erat  in 
primis^  Italiae  fertilis,  Etrusci  campi,  qui  Faesulas 
inter  Arretiumqiie  iacent,  frumenti  ac  pecoris  et 
omnium    copia    rerum   opulenti;    consul   ferox  ab^ 

5  consulatu  priore  et  non  modo  **  legum  ^  aut  patrum 
maiestatis,  sed  ne  deorum  quidem  satis  observans ; 
banc  insitam  ingenio  eius  temeritatem  fortuna 
prospero  civilibus  bellicisque  rebus  successu  aluerat. 
120.  Itaque  satis  apparebat,  nee   deos   nee  homines 

10  consulentem  ferociter  omnia  ac  praepropere  ac- 
turum ;  eo^que  magis  agitare  eum  atque  irritare 
and  irritated  Pocuus  i)arat,  ct  in  mcdios  Etruriae  agros 
rJv"g*es"'^*^^  praedatum  profectus  quam  maximam 
potest   vastationem    caedibus^    incendiisque    consuli 

15  procul  ostendit.  121.  Flaminius,  postquam  res 
sociorum  ferri  agique  vidit,  suum  id  dedecus  ratus, 
per  mediam  iam  Italiam  vagari  ^  Poenum  atque 
obsistente  nullo  ad  ipsa  Romana  moenia  ire  oppug- 
disrcgards        uauda,  cotcris  omnibus  in  consilio  salutaria 

20  counsels.  magis    quam    speciosa   suadentibus,    col- 

legam  exspectandum,^  ut  coniunctis  exercitibus,^ 
communi  aninio  consilioque  rem  gererent,  interim 
equitatu  auxiliisque  ab  effusa*  praedandi  licentia 
hostem  cohibendum  esse,  iratus  se  ex  consilio   pro- 

25  ripuit,  signumque  simul  itineris  pugnaeque  proposuit. 
122.  Quo  facto,  quum  ocius  signa  convelli  iuberet, 
et  ipse  in  equum  insiluisset,  equus  repent  corruit 
consulemque  laps  urn  super  caput  effudit.  Territis 
omnibus,  qui  circa  orant,  velut  omine  foedo,  insuper 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAK 


45 


nuntiatur,  signum  omni  vi  moliente  signifero  con- 
velli nequire.  Conversus  ad  nuntium,  "Abi," 
inquit,  "  nuntia,  effodiant^  signum,  si  ad  convellen- 
dum  manus  prae  metu  obtorpuerunt."  ^  Incedere 
inde  agmen  coepit,  primoribus  ^  territis  duplici  5 
prodigio,  milite  laeto  ferocia  ducis,  quum  spem 
magis  quam  causam  spei  intueretur. 

123.  Hannibal,  quod  agri  ^  est  inter  Cortonam  ur- 
bem  Trasumennumque  lacum,  omni  clade   Hannibal 
belli  pervastat,  quo  magis  iram  hostis  ad  [or  wm'be-      ^^ 
vindicandas  sociorum  iniurias  acuat ;  et  TrasTmene^ 
iam  pervenerant  ad  loca  apta  insidiis,  ubi  audthehiiis, 
maxime  montes  Cortonenses  Trasumennus  subit.    Via 
tantum  interest  perangusta,  velut  2  ad  id  ipsum  de 
industrial  relicto  spatio ;   deinde  paulo  latior  pate- 1 5 
scit  campus;  inde   colles  insurgunt.*     Ibi  castra  in 
aperto  locat,  ubi  ipse  cum  Afris  modo  Hispanisque 
consideret;^   Baliares  ceteramque  levem  armaturam 
post   montes  ^   circumducit ;  equites   ad  ipsas  fauces 
saltus,    tumulis  ^    apte    tegentibus,    locat,    ut,    ubi  20 
intrassent^  Romani,   obiecto  equitatu  clausa   omnia 
lacu  ac  montibus  essent. 

124.  Flaminius  quum  pridie  solis  occasu  ad  lacum 
pervenisset,!  inexplorato  postero  die  vix-  into  which 
dum  satis  certa  luce  angustiis  2  superatis,  ^"^  ^'^^^^'  25 
postquam  in  patentiorem  campum  pandi  agmen 
coepit,  id  tantum  hostium,^  quod  ex  adverso  erat, 
conspicit ;  ab  tergo  ^  ac  super  caput  ^  insidiae  fefelle- 
runt.     Poenus  ubi,   id  quod  petierat,   clausum  lacu 


46 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


ac  montibus  et  circumfusum  suis  copiis  habuit 
hostem,  signum  omnibus  dat  simul  iiivadendi. 
His  army,  125.  Qui  u])i,  qua  cuique  proximiim  fiiit, 
midTufin,      decucurrerunt,  eo  magis  Komanis  subita 

sificceVr  atque   improvisa  res   fuit,  quod   orta  ex 

lacu  nebula  campo  densior  quam  montibus  sederat, 
agminaque  hostium  ex  plurilnis  collibus  ipsa  inter 
se  satis  conspectai  eoque  magis  pariter  decucurre- 
rant.      Romanus^  clamore  undique  orto  se  circum- 

10  ventum  esse  sensit,  et  ante  in  f rontem  ^  lateraque 
pugnari  coeptum  est,  quam  satis  instrueretur  *  acies 
aut     expediri     arma     stringique      gladii     possent.^ 

126.  Consul,  perculsis  onunl)us,  ipse  impavidus 
turbatos    ordinc,    vertente    se    quoque^    ad   dissonos 

15  clamores,  instruit,  ut  tempus  locusque  patitur,  et 
quacunque  adire  audirique  potest,  adhortatur  et 
stare  ac  pugnare  iubet :  non  enim  inde  votis  aut 
imploratione  deum,  sed  vi  ac  virtute  evadendum"^ 
esse ;  per  medias  acies  ferro  viam  fieri  posse,  et,  quo 

ootimoris    minus    sit,^    eo   miiuis   ferme    periculi    esse. 

127.  Ceterum  prae  strepitu  ac  tumultu  nee  con- 
silium nee  imperium  accipi  poterat,  tantumque 
aberat,!  ^t  sua  signa  atque  ordines  et  locum 
noscerent,    ut    vix    ad    arma    capienda    aptandaque 

25  pugnae  competeret  animus,  opprimercnturque  qui- 
dam  onerati  magis  iis  quam  tecti.  Et  erat  in  tanta 
caligine  maior  usus  aurium  quam  oculorum.  Ad 
gemitus  vulneratorum  ictusque  corporum  aut  ar- 
morum      et      mixtos      strepentium      paventium^que 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


47 


clamores    circumferebant    ora    oculosque.     Alii    fu- 
gientes   pugnantium   globo   illati    haerebant ;    alios  ^ 
redeuntes  in  pugnam  avertebat  fugientium  agmen. 
128.    Deinde    ubi   in    omnes   partes   impetus   capti  ^ 
sunt,  et  ab  lateribus  montes  ac  lacus,  a  fronte  et  ab  5 
tergo  hostium  acies   claudebat,  apparuitque,  nullam 
nisi  in  dextera  ferroque  salutis  spem  esse,  turn  sibi 
quisque  dux  factus  et  nova  de  integro  exorta  pugna 
est,  non  ilia  ordinata  per  hastatos   principesque   ac 
triarios,'^  nee  ut  in  sua  legione  miles  aut  cohorte  aut  lo 
manipulo  esset;^  fors   conglobabat  et   animus  suus 
cuique    pugnandi    ordinem    dabat,    tantusque    fuit 
ardor    animorum,  ut    eum  motum    terrae,  qui   mul- 
tarum  urbium  Italiae  magnas  partes  prostravit  aver- 
titque  cursu  rapidos  amnes,  mare  fluminibus  invexit,  i5 
montes    lapsu    ingenti    proruit,    nemo    pugnantium 
senserit.*     129.    Tres  ferme  horas  pugnatum  est  et 
ubique  atrociter ;   circa  consulem  tamen   andthecon- 
acrior  infestiorque  pugna  est.  Eum  robora   «"^  ^^  ^^"^''^ 
virorum  ^   sequebantur,   et  ipse,  quacunque  in  parte  20 
premi    ac    laborare    senserat    suos,    impigre   ferebat 
opem,  insignemque  armis  hostes  summa  vi  petebant 
et  tuebantur  cives,  donee  Insuber  eques,  cui  Ducario  - 
nomen    erat,    facie     quoque^    noscitans    consulem, 
"  En,"  inquit,     "  hie    est,"   popularibus    suis,^    "  qui  25 
legion es    nostras    cecidit    agrosque    et    urbem    est 
depopulatus ;     iam    ego    banc    victimam    manibus  ^ 
foede  peremptorum  civium  dabo."     Subditisque  cal- 
caribus    equo    per    confertissimam   hostium   turbam 


48 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAR. 


impetum  facit,  obtruncatoque  prius  armigero,  qui  se 
venienti    obviam    obiecerat,  coiisulem   lancea   trans- 
fixit;     spoliare    cupientem    triarii'^    obiectis    sciitis 
arcuere.      130.    Magnae   partis    fuga    inde   primum 
5  coepit ;  et  iam  nee  laciis  nee  montes  pavori  obsta- 
bant;    per    omnia    arta    praeruptaque    velut    caeei 
evadunt,  armaque  et  viri  super  alium  alii  ^  praecipi- 
tantur.     Pars   magna,    ubi    locus    fugae   deest,    per 
prima  vada  paludis  in  aquam  progressi,  quoad  eapi- 
10  tibus  humerisque  exstare  possunt,'-  sese  immergunt ; 
fuere,  quos  inconsultus  pavor  nando  etiam  capessere 
fugam    impulerit;^    quae    ubi   sine    spe    erat,    aut 
defieientibus    animis    hauriebantur    gurgitibus     aut 
nequicquam*  fessi  vada  retro  aegerrime  repetebant, 
i5atque    ibi    ab    ingressis    aquam    hostium    equitibus 
passim  trucidabantur.     13L  Sex  millia  ferme  primi 
Some  cut         agmiiiis,  per  adversos  ^  hostes  eruptione 
thriug^,^         impigre  facta,  ignari  omnium,  quae  post 
se  agerentur,2  ex  saltu  evasere,  et,  quum  in  tumulo 
'joquodam    constitissent,    clamorem    modo    ac    sonum 
armorum    audientes,    quae    fortuna    pugnae    esset,^ 
neque   scire  nee   perspicere  prae   caligine   poterant. 
Inclinata    denique    re,"*   quum  incalescente  sole  dis- 
pulsa   nebula  5    aperuisset   diem,    tum   liquida*^   iam 
25  luce    montes    campique     perditas     res     stratamque 
ostendere  foede  Romanam  aciem.     132.   Itaque,  ne 
in  se  procul  conspectos  immitteretur  eques,  sublatis 
raptim   signis,    quam    citatissimo    poterant   agminei 
sese  abripuerunt.     Postero  die  quum  super  2  cetera 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


49 


sur- 


extrema    fames    etiam     instaret,    fidem  but 
dante^    Maharbale,     qui     cum    omnibus  ;;cxt'daTt^^^ 
equestribus  copiis  nocte  consecutus  erat,   gentTnfmr- 
si  arma  tradidissent,^  abire  cum  singulis  ^"*^- 
vestimentis     se    passurum     esse,     sese    dediderunt ;  5 
quae  Punica  religione^  servata  fides  ab    Hannibale 
est,  atque  in  vincula  omnes  coniecti. 

133.  Haec   est  nobilis  ad    Trasumennum   pugna 
atque    inter   paucas   memorabilis   populi   217  b.c. 
Romani  clades.    Quindecim  millia  Roman-  each  side.        10 
orum  in  acie  caesa ;   decem  millia  sparsa  fuga  per 
omnem  Etruriam  diversis  itineribus  urbem  petiere; 
duo  millia  quingenti  hostium  in  acie,  multi  postea 
ex  vulneribus  periere.     Multiplex  ^  caedes  utrinque 
facta   traditur  ^   ab   aliis.      Ego   Fabium  ^  aequalem  15 
temporibus     huiusce     belli      potissimum      auctorem 
habui.     Hannibal,    captivorum*    qui^    Latini   nomi- 
nis^  essent,  sine  pretio  dimissis,  Romanis  in  vincula 
datis,   segregata  ex  hostium  coacervatorum  cumulis 
corpora  suorum   quum    sepeliri "   iussisset,    Flaminii  20 
quoque   corpus   funeris  causa  magna   cum   cura   in- 
quisitum  non  invenit.^ 

134.  Romae  ad  primum  nuntium  cladis  eius  cum 
ingenti  terrore  ac  tumultu  concursus  in   Consterna- 

e  tioii  at 

forum  populi  est  factus.    Matronae  vagae   Rome.  2r 

per  vias,  quae  repens  clades  allata,  quaeve  fortuna 
cxercitus  esset,^  obvios  percontantur ;  et  quum 
turba  in  comitium  ^  et  curiam  ^  versa  magistratus 
vocaret,    tandem    baud    multo    ante    solis    occasum 


50  THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 

M.    Pomponius    praetor    "Pugna"   inquit    "magna 
victi  sumus."     135.  Et  quanquam  nihil  certius  ^   ex 
eo  auditum  est,  tameii  alius  ab  alio  impleti  rumoribus 
domes  referunt,  consulem  cum  magna  parte  copiarum 
5caesum;    superesse    paucos    aut    fuga    passim    per 
Etruriam  sparsos  aut  captos  ab  boste.     Quot  casus 
excrcitus  victi  fuerant,  tot  in  curas  dispertiti  animi 
eorum   erant,    quorum   propinqui    sub    C.    Flaminio 
consule     meruerant,     ignorantium     quae     cuiusque 
10  suorum  ^  fortuna  esset ;   nee  quisquam  satis  certum 
habuit,3  q^iid  aut  speraret  aut  timeret.     136.  Postero 
ac   deinceps   aliquot   diebus  ad    portas  maior  prope 
mulierum     quam     virorum     multitude     stetit,     aut 
suorum  aliquem  aut  nuntios  de  iis   opperiens ;   cir- 
15  cumfundebanturque  obviis  sciscitantes,  neque  avelli, 
priusquam    online    omnia     in(iuisissent,i     poterant. 
Inde    varies    vultus   digredientium    ab    nuntiis    cer- 
neres,2    ut    cuique    laeta   aut    tristia   nuntiabantur, 
gratulantesque  aut  conselantes  redeuntibus  domes » 
•20  circumfuses.     137.    Feminarum  praecipue  et  gaudia 
insignia    erant    et    luctus.      Unam    in    ipsa    porta 
sospiti    filie     repente     oblatam     in    amplexu     eius 
exspirasse  ferunt ;  alteram,  cui  mors  filii  false  nun- 
tiata   erat,    maestam    sedentem    demi,    ad    primum 
25  conspectum  redeuntis  filii  gaudio  nimie  exanimatam. 
Senatum  praetoresi   per  dies  aliquot  ab  orto  usque 
ad  occidentem  solem  in  curia  retinent,  censultantes, 
quenam  duce  aut  quibus   cepiis   resisti  2   victeribus 
Poenis  posset. 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  1VAR. 


51 


138.  Priusquam  satis  certa  consilia  essent,  repens 
alia  nuntiatur  clades,  quattuor  millia  equi-   News  of 

A.  r^    r^      J.      '  ,        .  further  dis- 

tum  cum  L>.  Oentenio  propraetore  ^  missa  aster  arrives. 
ad  cellegam  ab  Servilie  consule,  in  Umbria,  quo  post 
pugnam  ad  Trasumennum  auditam  2  averterant  iter,  5 
ab  Hannibale   circumventa.s      Eius   rei   fama   varie 
homines  affecit.     Pars,  occupatis  maiore  aegritndine 
animis,   levem   ex  comparatione  priorum  ^  ducebant 
recentem    equitum    iacturam ;     pars    non    id    quod 
acciderat    per    se    aestimabant,    sed,    ut    in    affecto  10 
cerpore     quamvis     levis     causa ''^     magis     quam    in 
valido  gravis  sentiretur,^  ita  tum  aegrae  et  affectae 
civitati,    quodcunque   adversi    incideret,    non   rerum 
magnitudine,    sed    viribus    extenuatis,^    quae    nihil, 
quod   aggravaret,    pati   possent,    aestimandum    esse.  15 
139.  Itaque  ad  remedium  iamdiu  neque   q  y^^^^^^ 
desideratum  neq  ue  adhibitum,  dictaterem  ^   ^aximus  is 

,.  ,  .    .  '  appointed 

dicendum,  ci vitas  confudt :  et  quia  consul   dictator  by 
aberat,  a  que  une  2  dici  posse  videbatur,  nee   *^^  nbsence 

.     _^  '  of  the  consul, 

per  occupatam  armis  Punicis  Italiam  facile   217  b.c.  ^ 

erat  aut  nuntium  aut  litteras  mitti,  dictaterem 
populus  3  creavit  Q.  Fabium  Maximum  et  magistrum 
equitum  4  M.  Minucium  Rufum ;  hisque  negotium 
a  senatu  datum,^  ut  mures  turresque  urbis  firma- 
rent^  et  praesidia  dispenerent,  quibus  locis  videre- 25 
tur,7  pontesque  rescinderent  fluminum :  pro  urbe  ac 
penatibus  dimicandum  esse,  quando  Italiam  tueri 
nequissent  ^ 

140.^    Dum    haec   in    Italia   geruntur,2    Cn.    Cor- 


52  THE  HANNIBALIAN   WAR. 

r,=  <;pmm»  in  Hispaniam  cum  classe  et  exercitu 
:f:;  '"''  Jl,*  quum  ab  ostio  Rhodani  profec- 
Cn.'  scipio  in     ^^^  Pyrcnaeosquc  montes  circumvectus 
^TZ^o       j^^poriis  appulisset  classem,  exposito  ibi 
5  exercitu    orsus  a  Laeetanis  omnem  oram  usque  ad 
hX::;     Aun^n    parti,    renovandis    soc.et.U^^^^^ 
Itim   novis   iustituendis   Romanae   dicionis   fecit. 
Tdlciliata^  clementiae  fama,  non  ad  «  n.ant.mos 
Lodo  populos,  sed  in  .editerraneis  q-^-  -  -- 
lotanis   ad   ferociores   iam  ^    gentes   valmt ;    nee    pax 
T   Tnnd  eos    sed  societas  etiam  armorum  parta 
modo  apud  eos,  seu  &uv.  ..nhnrtpsH  ex 

est    validaeque   aliquot  auxihorum       cohortes      ex 

iis  conscriptae  sunt.     141-  Hannoms  cis 
S^m^  Hibcrum  provincia  erat ;  eum  reliquerat 

,5  Hannibal    ad    regionis     --\ P-t^'-'^^nll^r^ 
priusquam    alienarentur     on.nm,    obvmm    eundum 
ratus,  castris  in  conspectu  hostium  positis,  m  aciem 
eduxit.     Kec  Ron.ano  differendum  certamen  visum, 
nuippe  qui  sciret,3  eum  Hannone  et  Hasdrubale  sibi 
.oLicandum^     esse,     malletque     adversus    smgulos 
separatim   quam   adversus   duos   simul   rem   gerer. 
Nee  magni  certaminis  ^  ea  dimicatio  f mt.     Sex  mdha 
hostium  caesa,  duo  capta  cum  praesidio  eastrorum; 
nam  et  castra  expugnata  sunt,  a^ue  ipse  dux  cum 
25  aliquot    principibus    capiuntur,^    et    Cissis,    propin 
quJm  cas'tris  oppidum,  expugnatur.     Cetenim  praeda 
oppidi    i^arvi    pretii^    rerum    fuit,  ac  vihum  manci- 
piorum    «    castra   militem  ditavere,  non   ems  modo 
exercitus,  qui  victus  erat,  opibus,  sed  et  ems,  qm 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


53 


cum  Hannibale  in  Italia  militabat,  omnibus  fere 
caris  rebus,  ne  gravia  impedimenta  essent,  citra^ 
Pyrenaeum  relictis. 

142.  Priusquam   certa   huius   cladis  fama  accidit, 
transgressus  Hiberum  Hasdrubal  cum  octo   „   ^    r.  .       ^ 

^  *-'  Hasdrubal 

millibus   peditum,    mille    equitum,  ^   tan-  ^^^^^s  up. 
quam    ad    primum    adventum    Romanorum    occur- 
surus,2  posUjuam  perditas  res^  ad  Cissim  amissaque 
castra  accepit,*  iter  ad  mare  convertit.      Haud  pro- 
cul   Tarracone  ^   classicos    milites    navalesque   socios  lo 
vagos    palantesque    per   agros,    quod   ferme    fit,    ut 
secundae    res    negligentiam    creent,^   equite    passim 
dimisso  cum  magna  caede  ad  naves  compellit ;    nee 
diutius  circa  ea  loca  morari  ausus,   ne  ab  Scipione 
opprimeretur,     trans     Hiberum     sese     recepit.      Et  is 
Scipio  raptim  ad  famam  novorum  hostium  agmine 
acto,    quum    in    paucos   praefectos   navium   animad- 
vertisset,*^  praesidio   Tarracone   modico  relicto,  Em- 
porias  cum  classe  rediit.     143.  Vixdum  digresso  eo, 
Hasdrubal  aderat,   et  Ilergetum  populo,   Theiier-         20 
qui  obsides  Scipioni  dederat,  ad  defecti-  by^nksdru^"^ 
onem  impulso,  cum  eorum  iuventute  agros  ^^  *°  ^®^^^*' 
fidelium  Romanis  sociorum  vastat.      Excito   deinde 
Scipione    hibernis,    toto    cis    Hiberum   rursus    cedit 
agro.     Scipio  relictam  ab  auctore  defec-  are  reduced     25 
tionis   Ilergetum   gentem    quum    infesto  weui^iTther 
exercitu    invasisset,    intra    paucos    dies,   ^'^^^^^ 
pluribus  quam  ante   obsidibus   imperatis,i   Ilergetes 
pecunia  etiam  multatos  2  inius  ^  dicionem  que  recepit. 


54  THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 

144    Inde  in  AuseUnos,  socios  et  ipsos^  Poenorum 
pro^edit,  atque  urbo  eorum  obscssa.  Laeetanos  aux- 
Lm  finitiml  ferente.  nocte.  baud  P-ul  -m  urbe, 
quum   intrare   vellent,   except   ins.d.is.     Caesa  ad 
.duodecim  miUia;    exuti   pr6pe   omnes  -nus  domo 
passim  per  agros  diffugere  ;  nee  obsesses  aba  uUa  res 
Lm  iniqua  oppug.uu.tibus  hiems  tuUbatur.     Tn- 
gi„ta  dies»  obsidio  fuit,  per  quos  raro  unquam  n  x 
Lnus  quattnor  pedes  ^  alta  iacuit,  adeoque  p  «    os 
10  ac  vineas  Komanorum  operuerat,  ut  ea  sola,  igmbus 
ILuoties    eoniectis    ab    boste,   etiam    tutamentun.o 
St^    Postremo  quum  Amusieus  pru.ceps  eorum 
ad  Hasdrubalem  profugisset,  vigi,.ti  argenti  talent.s 
deduntur.8     Tarraconem  in  biterna  reditum  est. 
.145     Postero    anno    in    His,«.nia    tenu   manque 
coeptum  bellum  est.     Hasdrubal  ad  eum 
''^  ""^  navium  numerum,  quem  a  fratre  mstruc- 

tum  paratumque  ac..epe.-at,  decern  adi^ecit ;   quadra- 
Lnta   navium   classem   Himilconi    trad.t,    atque   .U 
.0  Carthagine  1    profeetus    naves    prope    terram,    exer- 
citum    in    Utore    dueebat,    paratus    confl.gerc,    qua- 
cunque    parte    copiarum    hostis    oecurnsset.        Cn 
Scip  o  postquam  movisse  ex  h.bcrms  hostem  audi- 
vit,    pnmo  idem   consilium  babuit ;   demde   mmus' 
..  terra  propter  ingentem  famam  novorum  aux.horum 
concurrere   ausus,   delecto   milite    nav.bus   .mpos^o 
qninque  et  triginta  navium  classo  ire  obv.am  host. 
Tgil      Altero^   ab   Tarracone    die   ad    stat.onem 
decern   miUia   passuum   distant^m   ab  ost.o  Hiben 


54  THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 

144  I„de  in  Auseunos,  socios  et  ipsos '  Poenorum 
pLdit,  atque  urbe  eorum  obsessa,  Laeetanos  aux- 
Sumfinitii  ferente.  -etc,  baud  procul  >am  u,be, 
nuum   intrare   velle.it,    exccpit  ins.dus.     Caesa  ad 

5duodecim  miUia,    exuti   pioi«-  „  „i:„  ,,ik  res 

„„  ,i;ff„irprp  •  nee  obsessos  alia  una  rts 
ruiwim  ner  agios  ainugcie  ,  "c^.  " 

™  iniqna  oppugnantibus  hienis  tuUbatur.     Tn- 
SI  d  e?^  obsiL  fuit,  per  qiios  raio  unquam  mx 
Ss  quattuor  pedes^  alu  iacuit.  adeoque  pbiteos 
.     "lel  Roniai^nini  oi.,uei.at   ut  ^ ^^^^^^, 
alinnoties    coniectis    ab    boste.   etiam    tutamentum 
S'     Postienio  quum   Amusieus  pvineeps  eornm 
IrHasdnibalom  profugisset,  viginti  ai-genti  .^entis 
de.luntur.«     Tarraconem  in  hibcrna  reditum  est. 
,.145     Postero    anno    in    His,>ania    teri-a    manque 
eoeptnm  bellum  est      Hasdiubal  ad  eum 
^'-  '^"-  navium  numeium,  -luem  a  fratie  mstruc- 

tum  paratumque  acceperat,  decern  a.lieeit ;   quadra- 
ginta'navium   classem   Himilconi    tradit,   atque   it. 
.oCaithagine^    protect  us    naves    prope    terram     exei- 
citum    in    litore    dueebat,    paratns    eonfligere,   qua 
cunque    parte    copiarum    bostis    occurrisset.        U. 
SeSo  poBtquam  movisse  ex  bibernis  hostem  audi- 
v'primo  idem   consilium  babuit ;   deinde   minus  3 
.   IVopter  ingent^m  famam  -orum  aux^.>orum 

concurrere  ansus,  -lelecto  m,  ite  '--''««  /Tfrtl 
quinque  et  triginta  navinm  classe  ire  o^vam  b-t^ 
Jergit.  Altered  ab  Tarraeone  die  ad  tatim^m 
decern    miUia    passuum    disUntem   ab   ostio   Hiben 


Walker  &CcckereUsc. 


North  Shore  of  Lake  Trasimeno     (p.  44.) 
/After  How  and  Leigh.) 


(After  How 


Ijcctisterniuni. 
rCoin  of  C.  CocUus  Caldus, 
'^      B.C.  ei.)    (p.  39.) 


Warship  and  Standards. 
(Coin  of  M.  Antonius.)    (p-  &&.; 


^J^^^Z  ^ ->""^ 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


55 


amnis  pervenit.    146.  Inde  duae  Massiliensium  specu- 
latoriae  ^    praemissae    rettulere,    classem 

P„.^*      „       ,  •  ,  •      M         •     •  Surprise  of 

unicani  stare  in  ostio  fluminis,  castraque   the  Cartha- 

in    ripa    posita.      Itaque    ut    improvidos  ft'theVnouth 

incautosque  opprimeret,   sublatis  ancoris   ""^  ^^'^  ^^'"''-     5 

ad    hostem    vadit.       Multas    et    locis    altis    positas 

turres  Hispania  habet,  quibus  et  speculis  et  propug- 

naculis  adversus  latrones  utuntur.     Inde  primo  con- 

spectis  hostium  navilms,  datum  signum   Hasdrubali 

est,  tumultusque  prius  in  terra  et  castris  quam  ad  10 

mare   et    ad    naves    est    ortus,    nondum    aiit    pulsu 

remorum  audito  aut  aperientibus  2  classem  promon- 

toriis ;    turn    repente    eques    alius    super    alium    ab 

Hasdrubale    missus    vagos    in    litore    quietosque    in 

tentoriis  suis,  nihil  minus  ^  quam  hostem  aut  proe- 15 

lium    eo   die    exspectantes,    conscendere    naves    pro- 

pere   atque   arma  capere  iubet ;   classem   Romanam 

iam   baud   procul   portu   esse*     147.    Haec   equites 

dimissi    passim    imperabant ;    mox    Hasdrubal    ipse 

cum  omni  exercitu  aderat,  varioque  omnia  tumultu  20 

strepunt,  ruentibus  in  naves  simul    remigibus  mili- 

tibusque,   fugientium  magis  e    terra   quam  in    pug- 

nam  euntium  modo.     Vixdum  omncs  conscenderant, 

quum  alii  oris  funes  ^  resolvunt,^  alii,  ne  quid  teneat, 

ancoralia    incidunt ;    raptimque    omnia    ac    praepro-  25 

pere   agendo,^  militum  apparatu   nautica  ministeria 

impediuntur,    trepidatione   nautarum   capere   et  ap- 

tare  arma  miles  *  prohibetur.    148.  Et  iam  Great  sue- 

Komanus  non  appropinquabat  modo,  sed   Romans.  ^ 


56  THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 

direxerat    etiam    in    pugnam    naves.      Itaque    non 
ab  hoste  et  proelio  magis  Poeni  quam  suomet  ipsi 
tumultu  turbati,  tentata  verius  pugna   quam  inita, 
in  fugam  averterunt  classem,  et  quum  adversi  amnis 
6  OS  lato  agmini  et  tarn  multis  simul  venientibus  hand 
intrabile  esset,  in  litus  passim  naves  egerunt,  atque 
alii   vadis,  alii   sicco   litore    excepti,  partim   armati, 
partim    inermes^    ad    instrucUm    per    litus    aciem 
suorum    perfugere ;    duae    tamen    primo    concursu 
locaptae   erant   Punicae   naves,   quattuor   suppressae. 
Romani  quanquam  terra  hostium*  erat  armatomque 
aciem  toto  praetentam  ^  litore  cernebant,  baud  cunc- 
tanter    insecuti    trepidam    hostium    classem    naves 
omnes,    quae    non    aut    perfregerant    proras    litori 
15  illisas  aut   carinas   fixerant   vadis,  religatas «  puppi- 
bus    in    altum    extra xere ;    ad    quinque    et    vigmti 
naves  e  quadraginta  cepere. 

149     Ea    victoria    Komani    toto    eius    orae    man 
potiti  erant.      Itaque  ad  Oiuisam  classe 
20  See't^r:!^      profecti ;   ibique  escensio  ab   navibus  in 
outoppTsf  ■     terram  facU.     Quum  urbem  vi  cepissent 
*^^"-  captamque     diripuissent,     Cartbagmem  ^ 

inde  petunt,  atque  omnem  agrum  circa  depopulati 
postremo  tecta  quoque  iniuncta^  muro  portisque  m- 
25  cenderunt.  Inde  iam  praeda  gravis  ad  Longunticam 
pervenit  classis,  ubi  vis  magna  sparti  erat,  ad  rem 
nauticam  congesta  ab  Hasdrubale.  Quod  satis  in 
usum  fuit  sublato,  ceterum  omne  mcensum  est. 
150    Nee  continentis  modo  praelecta  est  ora,  sed  in 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


57 


Ebusum  insulam  transmissum.^  Ibi  urbe,  quae 
caput  insulae  est,  biduum  ncquicquam  summo  la- 
bore  oppugnata,  ubi  in  ^  spem  irritam  frustra  teri 
tempus  animadversum  est,  ad  populationem  agri 
versi  sunt,  direptisque  aliquot  incensisque  vicis,  5 
maiore  quam  ex  continenti  praeda  parta  quum  in 
naves  se  recepissent,  ex  Baliaribus  insulis  legati 
pacem  petentes  ad  Scipionem  venerunt.  Inde  flexa 
retro  classis  reditumque  in  citeriora  ^  provinciae, 
quo  omnium  populorum,  qui  Hiberum  accolunt,  lo 
multorum  et  ultimae  Hispaniae  legati  concurre- 
runt ;  populi  amplius  centum  viginti  *  dicionis 
Romanae  ^  facti  sunt  obsidibus  datis.  Igitur  terres- 
tribus  quoque  copiis  satis  fidens  Romanus  usque  ad 
saltum  Castulonensem  est  progressus ;  Hasdrubal  in  is 
Lusitaniam  ac  propius  Oceanum  concessit. 

151.    Quietum     inde     fore     videbatur     reliquum 
aestatis  tempus,   fuissetque   per  Poenum  i^^^^^J^^^^^ 
hostem  ;  ^  sed  praeterquam  quod  ipsorum   iiergetes. 
Hispanorum  inquieta   avidaque  in   novas   res  2  sunt  20 
inffenia,   Mandonius    Indibilisque,    qui  antea   Ilerge- 
tum    regulus    fuerat,    postquam    Romani    ab    saltu 
recessere  ad    maritimam   oram,  concitis   popularibus 
in  agrum  pacatum   sociorum   Romanorum  ad  popu- 
landum   venerunt.      Adversus    eos   tribuni  militum  25 
cum   expeditis   auxiliis  a   Scipione  missi   Easily  sup- 
levi  certamine,  ut  tumultuariam  manum,^   vro^^^^. 
fudere  omnes,   occisis   quibusdam   captisque   magna- 
que  parte  armis  *  exuta.     152.  Hie  tamen  tumultus 
cedentem  ad  Oceanum  Hasdrubalem  cis  Hiberum  ad 


58 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  IVAR. 


tutandos  socios  retraxit.  Castra  Punica  in  agro 
Ilersavonensium,  castra  Romaiia  ad  Novam  classem  ^ 
erant,  qiuim  fama  repens  alio '^  avertit^  bellum. 
Celtiberi,  qui  priiicipes  ^  regionis  suae  legates 
5  niiserant   ol)sidesque  dederant   Romanis, 

The  Celtiberi  .  .  ci    •    •  'x*  .^ 

gain  sue-  nuutio    misso    a    Scipione    exciti    arma 

ceases  •  •  /~A  1  *       *  * 

against  capiuiit  provinciamque  uartnaginiensium 

uasdrubai.       ^^^.^^  excFcitu  invaduut.     Tria  oppida  vi 

expugnant ;  iude  cum  ipso  Hasdrubale  duobus  proe- 

10  liis  egregic  pugiiant ;  ad  quiudecim  millia »  hostium 

occideruut,  quattuor  millia   cum   multis   militaribus 

signis  capiuiit. 

153.  Hoc  statu  rerum  in  Hispania  P.  Scipio  in  pro- 
p.  Scipio  vinciam  venit,  prorogate ^  post  consulatum 

15  fcoiherln  impcHo  ab  senatu  missus,  cum  triginta 
Si)ain.  lon^is  uavibus  ^  et  octo  millibus  milituin 

magnoque  commeatu  advecto.  Ea  classis  cum  magna 
laetitia  civium  sociorumque  portum  Tarraconis  ex  alto 
tenuit.3     Ibi  milite  ^  exposito  profectus  Scipio  fratri 

20  se  coniungit,  ac  deindo  communi  animo  consilioque 
gerebant  bellum.  Occupatis^  igitur  Carthaginiensi- 
bus  Celtiberico  bello,  baud  cunctanter  Hiberum 
transgrediuntur,  nee  uUo  viso  hoste,  Saguntum 
pergunt  ire,  quod   ibi  obsides  totius  Hispaniae  tra- 

25  ditos  ^  ab  Hannibale  fama  erat  modico  in  arce  custo- 
diri^  praesidio.  Id  unum  pignus  inclinatos  ad 
Romanam  societatem  omnium  Hispaniae  populorum 
animos  morabatur,  ne  sanguine  liberorum  suorum 
culpa  defectionis  lueretur.  154.  Eo  vinculo  His- 
paniam  vir  unus  soUeiti  magis  quam  fideli  ^  consilio 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


59 


exsolvit.     Abelux    erat    Sagunti    nobilis  ^y^tj^^j^^^^* 
Hispanus,  fidus  ante  Poenis ;  tum,  qualia2  the  Spani^sh 
plerumque  sunt  barbarorum  ingenia,  cum   p^^^J^J^^'}  ^^'^^ 
fortuna  mutaverat  fidem.     Ceterum  trans-   Romans. 
fugam    sine    magnae    rei    proditione   venientem    ad  5 
hostes   nihil  aliud   quam   unum   vile   at<iue    infame 
corpus    esse    ratus,    id    agebat,^   ut   quam    maximo 
emolumento     novis     sociis     esset.^*       Circumspectis 
igitur     omnibus,     quae     fortuna     potestatis     eius  ^ 
poterat  facere,   obsidibus  potissimum  tradendis  ani-  lo 
mum  adiecit,  cam  unam  rem  maxime^  ratus  conci- 
liaturam    Romanis    principum   Hispaniae   amicitiam. 
155.    Sed    quum    iniussu     Bostaris     praefecti    satis 
sciret   nihil  obsidum  custodes  facturos   esse,   Bosta- 
rem  ipsum  arte  aggreditur.     Castra  extra  urbem  in  i5 
ipso  litore  habebat  Bostar,  ut  aditum  ea  parte  inter- 
cludcret  Romanis.     Ibi  eum  in  secretum  abductum,i 
velut  ignorantem  monet,  quo  statu  sit  '^  res :  metum 
continuisse^  ad  cam  diem  Hispanorum  animos,  quia 
procul  Romani  abessent ;  ^  nunc  cis  ^  Hiberum  castra  20 
Romana    esse,    arcem    tutam    perfugiumque    novas 
volentibus    res ;    itaque,    quos    metus    non    teneret, 
beneficio    et    gratia    devinciendos    esse.      156.    Mi- 
ranti^    Bostari    percontantique,    quodnam^    donum 
efhcere   tantam   rem   posset,    "obsides"   inquit   "  in  25 
civitates  remitte.     Id  et  privatim  parentibus,  quorum 
maximum  momentum  in  civitatibus  est  suis,  et  pub- 
lice  populis  gratum  erit.     Vult  sibi  quisque  credi,^ 
et   habita  fides*    ipsam    plerumque    obligat    fidem. 
Ministerium  restituendorum  domos^  obsidum   mihi- 


60 


THE  IIANNIBALIAN  JFAR. 


met  deposco  ipse,  ut  opera  <5  quo(|ue  impensa  con- 
silium adiuvem  meum  et  rei  suapte"  natura  gra- 
tae    quantam    insuper    gratiam    possim^    adiiciam." 

157.  Homini  iion  ad  cetera^  Punica  ingenia  callido 
5  ut  persuasit,  nocte  clam  progressus  ad  hostium  sta- 

tiones,  conventis^  quibusdam  auxiliaribus  Hispanis 
et  ab  his  ad  Scipionem  perductus,  quod  affert  expio- 
mit,  et  fide  3  accepta  dataque  ac  loco  et  tempore 
constituto   ad   obsides    tradendos,    Saguntum    redit. 

10  Diem  insequentem  absumpsit  cum  Bostare  mandatis 
ad  rem  agendam  accipieiidis.  Dimissus,  quum  se 
nocte  iturum,  ut  custodias  hostium  falleret,  consti- 
tuisset,  ad  compositam  cum  iis'*  horam  excitatis 
custodibus    puerorum    profectus,    veluti    ignarus    in 

15  praeparatas  sua  fraude  insidias  ducit.  In  castra 
Romana  perducti ;  cetera  omnia  ^  de  reddendis  obsi- 
dibus,    sicut    cum    Bostare    constitutum    erat,    acta. 

158.  Maior  aliquanto^  Romanorum  gratia  fuit  in 
re  pari,2  qviam  quanta  Carthaginiensium  ^ 
fuisset.*  Illos  ^  enim  graves  superbosque 
in  rebus  sccundis  expertos^  fortuna  et 
timor  mitigasse  videri  potuisset ;  Romanus 
primo   adventu,    incognitus   ante,    ab   re 

dementi  liberalique  initium  fecerat,  et  Abelux,  vir 
25  prudens,  hand  frustra "  videbatur  socios  mutasse. 
Itaque  ingenti  consensu  defectionem  omnes  spec- 
tare  ;  s  armaque  extemplo  mota  forent,  ni  hiems,  quae 
Romanos  quoque  et  Carthaginienses  concedere  in 
tecta  coegit,  intervenisset.^ 


The  Romans 
20  set  them 
free  and  gain 
credit  for  it 
among  the 
Spanish 
tribes. 


NOTES. 


Tlie  Grammar  commonly  referred  to  is  the  Revised  Latin  Primer. 

§  refers  to  sections  in  the  I^tin  Primer. 

ch  chapters  of  this  book. 

R.       ',]       sections  in  Roby's  '  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools. 

l.-l.  omnium  :  Latin  Primer,  §  259.     (R.  520.) 

2.  gesta  sint,  §  467.     (R-  765. ) 

3.  H.  duce,  §  237.  (R.  504.)  The  name  '  Hannibal '  means 
'favour  of  Baal.' 

4.  inter  se  ...  contulerunt  anna,  '  engaged  in  war  with  one 
another.'  . 

^  iosis  referring  to  what  has  been  said  of  the  greatness  of 
the  two  countries  :  though  so  great  in  past  times,  yet  never 
before  greater  than  at  this  time.     '  Even  these. 

6.  vlrium,  §260.     (R.  522.) 

7.  anceps,  properly '  two-headed '  {amho-caput) :  op.  praeceps. 

(R.  803.)  ,^  ^  ,      .    , 

8.  periculum  means  here  not  merely  '  danger,  but    rum. 

9.  fuerint,  §421.     (R.  702.) 

2.— 1.  Hannibalem  ...  iuravisse,  §  414  (a).     (R-  537.) 

2*.  anncftTim  ...  novem  :  genitive  of  quality,  §  128.    (R.  524.) 

3.  altaribus,  singular  in  meaning. 

4.  tactis  sacris,  §  237.  • 

5.  quum  primum,  '  as  soon  as.' 

6.  populo  Romano,  §  218. 

3.— 1.  distulerunt,  §  198.     (R.  814.) 
2.  annos,  §  278. 


62 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


3.  obtinuit.  Ohtinere  does  not  mean  *  to  get,'  nor  does 
occupare  mean  *  to  keep,'  but  xme  versd. 

4.  hospitiis  (§  240),  '  private  treaties  of  friendship,'  such  as 
two  families  might  have  with  one  another  :  here  they  were 
entered  into  between  Hasdrubal  and  the  Spanish  chieftains : 
he  married  a  Spanish  wife. 

5.  nihilo,  §  244. 

6.  iram  interfecti  domini.  The  genitive  here  expresses 
cause  or  origin.  Observe  that  where  we  should  use  a  sub- 
stantive, '  the  murder  of  his  master,'  in  Latin  we  often  have 
a  participle  or  adjective  :  so  sunmini^  tnoiis  =^  the  top  of  the 
mountain  ' ;  amissa  Sardinia  =  '  the  loss  of  Sardinia' :  concrete 
for  abstract. 

7.  eo  fult  habitu,  'such  an  expression,'  §  234.     (R.  502.) 

8.  visus  sit,  §  421.     (R.  702.) 

4. — 1.  ut,  *  on  c(mditi(m  that ':  ea  lege  lU  is  the  full  expres- 
sion.    The  clause  is  consecutive. 

2.  Hiberus,  'the  Ebro.' 

3.  Sagiintinis  mediis,  etc.  One  would  think  from  this  ex- 
pression that  Saguntum  (a  colony  from  Zakynthus,  whence  its 
name)  was  on  or  near  the  Ebro,  whereas  it  was  a  long  way  to 
the  south  of  that  river  :  but  the  historians  of  the  time  did  not 
know  much  geograph3%  and  one  of  the  best,  Polybius,  thought 
that  Saguntum  was  north  of  the  Ebro.  It  is  very  doubtful 
whether  Saguntum  was  really  mentioned  by  name  in  this  treaty 
at  all.  The  Romans  of  course  wished  to  prove  that  Hannibal 
was  breaking  treaties  when  he  attacked  it :  the  treaty  perhaps 
only  said  that  the  allies  on  both  sides  should  hv.  secure  from 
attack.     Saguntum  was  in  alliance  with  Rome. 

5. — 1.  vixdum  puberem.  He  was  really  about  23  years 
old  :  perhaps  he  had  returned  to  Africa  at  his  father's  death. 

2.  Hamilcarem  ...  redditum  sibi  esse,  §  414  (?>).     (R.  535.) 

3.  parendum,  etc. ,  §  375. 

4.  discemeres  f  i.e.  it  would  have  been  difficult  to  decide 
(if  one  had  been  present)  :  an  implied  condition  ;  see  §  439  (b) 
and  ch.  17,  note  4.     (R.  644.) 

5.  esset,  §  420  and  §  411.     (R.  750  and  620.) 

6.  plurimum  audaciae,  §  260,  (R.  522.)  With  the  verb  a 
dative  should  be  supplied,  §  224. 


NOTES. 


63 


7.  ad  pericula  capessenda,  §  379.  ad,  especially  with  the 
gerund,  often  expresses  a  purpose  or  end.     See  ch.  13,  note  4. 

8.  caloris  ...  patiens,  §  262.     (R.  5*25.) 

9.  temperans  cibi,  '  moderate  in  eating.' 

10.  Equitum,  etc.,  §  259.     (R.  520.) 

11.  princeps  [primns-capio)  \\gtg=  primus. 

12.  ingentia  vitia.  These  charges  made  against  Hannibal 
by  an  enemy  are  not  very  readily  to  be  accepted.  Polybius, 
a  very  careful  historian,  who  was  not  a  Roman  but  a  Greek, 
thinks  that  he  was  not  cruel  but  avaricious.  As  to  his  faith- 
lessness there  is  not  much  evidence  of  it,  but  he  was  no  doubt 
crafty  and  fond  of  stratagem.   • 

13.  Punica  perfidia  or  fides  (cp.  ch.  132)  was  proverbial 
among  the  Romans  ;  perhaps  there  was  no  more  ground  for 
the  phrase  than  for  'perfidious  Albion,'  used  of  England  by 
Napoleon  I. 

14.  religlo  is  prett}-^  nearly  what  we  mean  by  *  conscientious- 
ness,' the  feeling  which  keeps  one  from  breaking  faith  or 
violating  any  obligation. 

15.  meruit.  From  the  first  meaning,  *  to  acquire  a  share  of 
something '  (cp.  the  Greek  At^pos),  merere  or  mereri  (for  it  is 
also  deponent)  comes  to  mean  '  to  earn  pay,'  and  then  generally 
'  to  deserve  reward  '  by  any  service.  Here  it  means  '  to  serve 
as  a  soldier,'  for  merere  slipeiidia,  '  to  earn  soldier's  pay.' 

16.  duci,  §  222.  Magno  fiUuro  dnci,  'one  who  was  to  be,' 
etc. 

17.  esset,  §  452  (6),  quae='  such  as.'     (R.  704.) 

6. — 1.  Ex  quo  die  =  ex  eo  die  quo. 

2.  niliil  =  7io«. 

3.  morandum  (supply  esse),  §  382. 

4.  deinde.  Observe  that  connecting  particles  are  often  left 
out  in  Latin. 

5.  ne  ...  opprimeret,  §  423.     (R.  678.) 

6.  inferre  bellum,  §  369.     (R.  534.) 

7.— 1.  Quibusoppugnandis,  §379.  (R.  548.)  Quihus  stsinds 
for  et  his.  Observe  the  use  of  the  gerundive  instead  of  a  sub- 
stantive :  cp.  note  6  on  ch,  3,  ira7n  interfecti  domini. 

2.  haud,  §  396. 


64 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAB. 


3.  Romana  anna,  *  the  hostility  of  the  Romans.' 

4.  movebantur,  '  was  likely  to  l)e,'  etc. 

5  parte :  i.e.  the  territory  south  of  the  Ebro,  which  had 
not*  all  been  conquered  by  Carthage,  though  assigned  to  her 
by  treaty  with  Rome. 

6.  dicione,  also  spelt  diticyM. ;  cp.  nuiitiua,  contio, 

7.  petiisse,  §  370.    pdere  means  '  to  aim  at.' 

8.  flnitimis  domiUs  gentibus,  §  237.  Translate  by  a  sub- 
stantive :  '  the  conquest  of,'  etc. 

9.  id  bellum  ;  i.e.  with  Saguntum. 

10.  posset,  §  423,  'might.'  The  principal  clause  here  is 
positive  :  hence  ut  is  used  ;  cp.  ch.  38,  note  5. 

11.  expugnat :  §  337  ;  cp.  accipit  just  below. 

12.  pugna  ...  habita,  §  237.     Translate  by  past  partic.  act. 

13.  in  deditionem  accipere  means  '  to  grant  terms  of  sur- 
render.'    Look  out  deditio. 

14.  trans  ;  that  is,  from  a  Roman's  point  of  view  :  i.e.  S.  of 
the  river. 

15.  Carthaginiensium,  §  254. 

8.— 1.  Romam,  §  211. 

2.  placuit,  '  it  was  resolved,'  §  414  (a). 

3.  ad  re8...in8piciendas,  §  379;  ad  expresses  a  purpose; 
cp.  ch.  5,  note  7. 

4.  vlderetur,  §  468. 

5.  denuntiarent,  §  453.     (R.  680.) 

6.  ab  used  before  vowels,  and  often  before  consonants, 
except  labials,  />,  />,  /,  1^  m. 

7.  Bociis,  §  194. 

8.  ut ...  abstineret,  §  417. 

9.  traiicerent,  §  453.     (R.  680.) 

9.— 1.  parant,  §  338.     (R.  595.) 

2.  ultra,  used  as  trans  in  ch.  7  :  south  of  the  river. 

3  passus  mille,  §  282.  The  pasms  was  5  Roman  feet,  and 
theRoman  foot  was  al)Out  lU^  (1165)  English  inches  ;  so  that 
mille  pasms  is  about  1618  English  yards.  Pamu^  seems  to 
mean  the  double  pace,  frtjm  the  place  where  the  foot  leaves 


NOTES. 


65 


the  ground  to  the  place  where  the  same  foot  is  put  down 
again.  The  English  military  pace  is  30  inches,  which, 
doubled,  is  within  two  inches  of  the  Roman  pas8iu9. 

4.  pervastatis  flnibus:  cp.  ch.  7,  note  12.  The  use  of 
the  deponent  partic.  ingreasus  marks  the  deficiency  of  the 
language  here. 

5.  aggreditur,  §  337.     (R.  594.) 

10, — 1.  patentiorem  ;  i.e.  less  broken  by  rocks. 

2.  vineas.  Vinea  means  '  an  arbour  of  vines ' ;  but  as  a 
military  term  it  means  a  roof  by  which  soldiers  might  be 
sheltered  while  undermining  or  battering  the  walls  of  a 
town.  The  roof  rested  on  posts  8  feet  high,  and  was  either 
carried  or  wheeled  up  to  the  walls.  Here  several  were  often 
joined  together,  so  that  a  large  number  could  work  under 
them.  The  rooif  was  covered  with  raw  hides,  as  a  protection 
against  fire  thrown  from  the  walls.  (See  Smith's  *  Dictionary 
of  Antiquities.') 

3.  posset,  §453.     (R.  680.) 

4.  ut  =  'as  was  natural.' 

5.  ceterae  ..  altitudinis,  '  the  height  in  other  places.' 

6.  emunitus,  '  built  up.' 

7.  inventus  generally  means  '  young  persons '  collectively, 
and  here  is  used  with  plural  verb,  §  199,  3.     (R.  944.) 

8.  plurimum  periculi,  §  260. 

11. — 1.  hand  plures:  a  mild  way  of  saying  that  the  loss 
was  heavier  on  the  Carthaginian  side  ;  so  in  Greek  ovk  TJKKrra 
often  means  '  most. ' 

2.  ut,  §  428.  Note  that  iU  is  followed  by  the  indicative  in 
temporal  clauses. 

3.  subit,  §338.     (R.  595.) 

4.  femur,  §  213. 

5.  abesset,  §  421. 

6.  quin,  §  419.     (R.  712. ) 

12. — 1.  quies,  'cessation.' 

2.  pluribus  partibus,  §  268. 

3.  coeptae  sunt.  When  this  verb  is  followed  by  a  passive 
infinitive,  it  is  generally  itself  also  passive.     (R.  p.  137.) 


66 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


4.  multitudine,  §  2.35. 

5.  Poeni.  This  and  the  adjective  Pu7iiciis  mean  of  course 
'Phoenician.' 

6.  arietibus,  §  240. 

7.  muri,  §  260. 

8.  ea  ruina,  §  241. 

9.  Ulorum  . . .  horum,  to  \m  taken  with  amnios.  lUe,  the 
former  ;  hie,  the  latter  :  the  first  heing,  as  it  were,  at  a 
greater  distance  off. 

10.  pugnatum  est,  §  301.     (R.  569.) 

11.  toUunt,  §  337.     (R.  594.) 

12.  in  ruinas,  for  they  had  got  inside  the  wall. 

13.  impeditum,  because  they  were  among  the  ruins  of  the 
wall. 

13.— 1.  Roma,  §274. 

2.  venisse,  §  414  (a).     (R.  5.37.) 

3.  quibus,  §  218. 

4.  dicerent,  §  453.  A  purpose  may  be  expressed  by  ( 1 )  ut 
or  qui  with  subj. ;  (2)  nd  with  accus.  of  gerund  or  gerundive  ; 
(3)  causa  (abl.)  with  genitive  ;  (4)  fut.  participle.  If  negative, 
by  ne  with  subjunctive. 

5.  operae  pretium.  Look  in  the  dictionary  for  this  phrase. 
(R.  516.)  ^ 

6.  Carthagrinem,  §  211. 

14.— 1.  unu8  =  .so/us.  Hanno  was  a  rival  and  enemy  of  the 
family  of  Hamilcar. 

2.  ne...suscipereiit,  §417.  (R.  672.)  So  ne.  . .  miUereut 
just  below. 

3.  manes  properly  means  *  the  good  (or  kind)  people ' ;  it 
gets  its  common  sense  fiom  the  habit  people  had  of  giving 
good  names  to  the  spirits  that  they  feared  :  so  the  Furies 
were  called  Enme7iides  =' kind  g(Kldesses.' 

4.  Barcini.     Hamilcar  was  called  Barca  {i.e.  lightning). 

5.  superesset,  §  467.     (R.  765. ) 

6.  quietura,  *  would  rest  undisputed.' 
15.— 1.  cupidine,  §  241. 

2.  ad  id,  i.e,  'regnum.' 


NOTES. 


67 


3.  unde  arcentur  foedere  :  see  note  3  on  ch.  4. 

4.  bonus  :  ironically  said. 

5.  ius  gentium,  '  international  law,'  which  protected  am- 
bassadors. 

6.  nibili,  §  257.     (R.  494. ) 

7.  deposcunt,  'demand  his  surrender.'  A  common  way  of 
making  amends  to  an  enemy  was  to  surrender  the  person 
who  had  offended  them. 

16.-1.  Aegates,  off  Lilybaeum,  where  the  Carthaginians 
were  finally  defeated  in  the  First  Punic  War,  241  B.C. 

2.  Erycem,  Mount  Eryx,  in  the  west  of  Sicily,  held  by 
Hamilcar  against  the  Romans  in  the  First  Punic  War. 

3.  pater  ipse.  The  argument  is,  if  Hamilcar  himself  was 
beaten  by  Rome,  how  much  more  this  boy. 

4.  Tarento,  §  229. 

5.  ex  foedere, 'according  to  our  agreement  by  treaty.'  (R. 
817/>.)  J  J      \ 

6.  Carthagini,  etc. ;  i.e.  he  is  bringing  ruin  on  Carthage  by 
his  action  against  Saguutum. 

7.  Sim,  §.359.     (R.  666  6.) 

17. — 1 .  meam  . . .  esse,  §  4 1 4  (/>).     ( R.  5.35. ) 
2.  patemas,  'against  his  father,'  Hamilcar. 
.3.  60,  explained  by  quod,  etc. 

4.  si  Yiveret.haberemus,  §  4.39  (/>).  The  imperfect  or 
pluperf.  subj.  in  conditional  clauses  implies  that  the  condition 
is  not  fulfilled:  'If  he  were  alive'  (which  he  is  not):  ch. 
122,  note  2.     (R.  6.38.) 

5.  censeo,  used  of  giving  a  vote  for  some  course  of  action. 

6.  piaculum,  a  victim  offered  to  atone  for  something  wrong  ; 
used  also  of  sacrifices  to  avert  evil  omens. 

7.  deposcat,  §440.     (R.  6,38.) 

8.  nequeat,  §  455. 

18. — 1.  ita,  explained  by  what  follows. 

2.  senatui,  §  216. 

3.  satisfaciant,  §453.     (R.  680.) 

4.  abducat,  §417.     (R.  6.38.) 


68 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAR. 


5.  dedant,  §  4o3. 

19.— 1.  Hannibalis,  '  in  favour  of  Hannibal,'  §  254. 

2.  responsiun  est,  etc.,  §  301.     (R.  569.) 

3.  ortum  . . .  facere.  Infinitives  in  oblique  enunciation  keep 
the  tenses  which  would  be  used  in  the  siinie  statement  ex- 
pressed directly.  (R.  766. )  The  verbs  which  follow  a  relative 
or  conjunction,  and  are  therefore  subjunctive  (§  467),  depend 
for  their  tenses  on  that  of  the  verb  which  introduces  the 
whole  statement  (§411).  (R.  619,  etc.)  That  verb  is  here 
respon.'nim  est :  hence  we  have  praepovere.t^  which  in  the 
direct  statement  would  be  praeponit :  *  Bellum  ortum  ab  S. 
est,  populus  R.  iniuste  facit,  si  ...  praeponit' ;  §  438.  (R.  641.) 
Do  not  confuse  it  with  §  439. 

20.— 1.  terunt,  §  338. 

2.  mittendis,  §  379. 

3.  militum,  §  254. 

4.  fore  :  see  note  3  on  ch.  19. 

5.  ab  ea  parte,  'on  that  side.' 

6.  aliquanto,  'considerably.' 

7.  atrocior,  'more  fierce.' 

8.  ferrent :  indirect  question  combined  with  deliberative 
conjunctive  (i?  .358  and  §  420).  Expressed  directly,  the  question 
would  be  qua  feramun  optm  /*  Ferrent,  because  dependent  on 
scire  pot eraiit,  §411. 

21. — 1.  turris  mobilis.  Wooden  structures  were  used  to 
put  the  attacking  party  on  a  level  with  the  defenders  of  the 
wall,  or  even  above  them. 

2.  altitudine,  §  235. 

3.  Quae  (iMvan.  =  et  cum  ea. 

4.  admota  esset,  §  435. 

5.  exturbasset;  i.e.  from  the  walls. 

6.  ad  subniendum,  §  379.  ad  with  gerund  or  gerundive 
often  expresses  a  purpose  :  see  ch.  13,  note  4. 

7.  calce  =  '  mortar.' 

8.  ruebat :  compare  the  meaning  of  niirm. 

22.— 1.  haberent,  §  411,  Note. 

2.  ad  ...  intercludendam  :  see  note  6  on  ch.  21. 


NOTES. 


69 


3.  omnium,  neuter  :  objective  genitive. 

4.  unica  spes,  §  194. 

5.  abessent,  §  426. 

23. — 1.  publice  ;  that  is,  he  had  an  official  appointment  to 
protect  their  interests  abroad,  though  not  a  Saguntine  him- 
self. Such  a  person  was  called  in  Greek  irpb^evos,  and  stood 
in  the  place  of  a  permanent  ambassador  or  consul.  Tluis 
Alkibiades  (being  an  Atlienian)  was  the  representative  at 
Athens  of  Spartan  interests,  so  far  as  they  were  not  opposed 
to  Athenian  interests. 

2.  ignoraretis  :  §  41 1.  The  tense  shows  that  veni  is  historic 
and  not  primary.     (R.  607,  etc.) 

3.  pro,  '  in  accordance  with  ' ;  compare  the  use  of  ex,  ch.  16, 
note  5. 

4.  ab  Romanis  :  see  note  6  on  ch.  8. 

24.— 1.  vobis,  §  220. 

2.  adimit ;  i.e.  '  he  proposes  to  take.' 

3.  aediflcetis,  §  453. 

4.  deferri,  §  417,  Note  2. 

5.  fore,  §  443. 

6.  singulis  :  distributive,  §  313. 

7.  si  . . .  velitis.  Subjunctive  because  dependent  on  oraiio 
ohliqiva.  In  direct  speech  there  would  be  a  future  indicative 
in  both  clauses  of  the  condition,  '  Corpora  vestra  salva  erunt 
si  inermes  ...  voletis  Sagunto  exire.' 

8.  vel.  '  even.' 

9.  quam  ...  sinatis,  '  than  that  you  should,'  etc.  ;  a  mixture 
of  constructions,  as  if  it  had  been  written  haec  patiamini 
iiecease  esse  {(or  ftatienda  esse)  censeo,  qnam  ...  sinatis. 

25- — 1-  ad  baec  audienda  :  final  ;  cp.  ch.  13,  note  4. 

2.  secessione  facta  . . .  aurum  collatum  ...  in  ignem  ad  -  id 
factum  . . .  coniiciebant.  Observe  the  use  of  participles  where 
we  should  break  up  the  one  sentence  into  many  :  '  departed, 
collected,  made  a  fire,'  etc. 

3.  eodem,  adverb. 

26—1.  nudatam  ...  esse  urbem,  §  414  (/>),     Signum  diderat 
is  here  equivalent  to  a  verb  of  declaring. 
2.  custodiis,  §  229. 


70 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


27.— 1.  cunctandum,  §  301.     (R.  569.) 

2.  puberes,  tliose  of  fifteen  and  upwards. 

3.  interficerentur,  §  417.  Siynum  dtdit  is  here  equivalent 
to  a  verb  of  commanding. 

4.  parci,  §301.     (R.  o69.) 

28.  — 1.   de  industria,  'on  purpose':  cp.  oh.  123. 

2.  militum  praeda  fuerant :  see  cli.  20.  Their  value  was 
not  therefore  included  iti  that  which  was  sent  home. 

3.  aliquantum  pecuniae,  §  260.     (R.  522.) 

4.  missam  esse,  in  agreement  with  the  nearest  of  the 
subjects  :  for  construction  see  §  414  («).  The  subject  of  comtal 
is  the  whole  of  the  sentence  besides.     (R,  537.) 

5.  Carthaginem,  §  273. 

29.— 1.  Romae,  §  272. 

2.  non  lati  auxilii  :  cp.  irajti  iuterftcti  domim,  ch.  3,  note  6. 

3.  esset,  §  449. 

4.  trepidarent,  §421.     (R.  702.) 

5.  consulerent,  §421. 

6.  rem  Romanam,  '  the  Roman  State.' 

7.  Sardos,  etc.,  the  peoples  against  whom  Rome  had  fought 
since  the  First  Punic  War.  Et  marks  them  ofl'  into  two 
sections,  in  the  West  and  in  the  East,  the  component  parts  of 
which  are  coupled  by  que,  atque.     (R.  860.) 

8.  tumultum,  'a  rel>ellion';  used  of  risings  in  Italy, 
whether  among  Uauls  or  others.  The  Gauls  in  the  North  of 
Italy  were  not  at  this  time  sulxlued  by  Rome.  (See 
Introduction. ) 

9.  fuisse  . . .  transituros,  etc.  The  tenses  are  of  course  the 
stime  as  if  it  were  stated  directly  :  see  note  3  on  ch.  19. 

10.  armorum,  §  262.     (R.  525.) 

30.— 1.  Ti.=  Tiberius.     T.=  Titus. 

2.  Africa  :  not  that  Africa  or  any  part  of  it  had  been  con- 
quered, but  this  was  to  be  the  direction  of  his  military 
operations. 

3.  provinciae  means  here  the  places  where  the  Consul  was 
to  exercise  his  functions,  his  sphere  of  action. 


NOTES. 


71 


4.  decretae.  No  Roman  legions  could  be  sent  into  the 
field  except  by  the  Senate's  resolution,  renewed  each  year. 
With  the  allies,  i.e.  the  other  Italians,  we  see  they  were  not 
so  strict. 

5.  legiones.  A  Roman  legion  consisted  of  between  4000 
and  5(X)0  infantry,  with  about  3(X)  cavalry.  Hence  we  see 
that  the  total  number  of  Roman  infantry  levied  was  about 
25,000,  and  of  cavalry  about  1800. 

6.  videretur:  subj.  because  hypothetical. 

7.  peditum  ...  equites,  §  311. 

8.  quinqueremes,  'ships  with  five  banks  of  oars.'  These 
were  the  ordinary  war  vessels  of  this  time.  In  earlier  times 
the  Athenians  had  used  ordinarily  '  triremes,'  carrying  about 
220  men,  which  atUined  a  very  great  speed  by  rownig. 
Sailing  ships  were  much  slower,  and  were  used  for  merchan- 
dise. °In  fact,  oars  partly  stood  in  the  place  of  steam. 

9.  deductae  ;  i.e.  from  the  building  yards  and  ship-houses 
to  the  sea. 

10.  latum  ad  populum  est.  The  formal  decision  of  the 
question  of  peace  and  war  rested  with  the  people  voting  by 
centuries.  {Popidm  is  not  the  same  as  plthfi.)  It  is  clear, 
however,  that  the  Senate  really  decided  everything. 

11.  veUent  iuberent ;  indirect  question.  This  is  the  regular 
formula  in  such  cases. 

12.  supplicatio,  a  public  service,  consisting  of  processions 
to  the  various  temples,  either  for  prayer  or  thanksgiving. 

13.  eveniret,  §  417. 

31.— 1.  ita,  'as  follows.' 

2.  quatema-.treceni,  distributive  numerals,  'so  many  to 
each  legion.' 

3.  naves  longae,  '  war  vessels. ' 

4.  centum  sexaginta,  §  89. 

5.  transmittere  :  intrans. ;  cp.  ch.  150. 

6.  ad  arcendos  :  final. 

7.  alter,  *  one '  (of  the  two). 

8.  copiarum,  §  260.     (R.  522.) 

9.  in  Galliam;  i.e.  Gallia  Cisalpina,  the  north  of  Italy, 
where  disturbances  were  imminent  among  the  Gauls.  See 
ch.  44. 


72 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


10.  8U0  iusto  equitatu  ;  i.e.  300. 

11.  equitibus ;  i.e.  sociorum. 

12.  Romanos  ;  i.e.  equites. 

32.  — 1.  iusta,  'the  proper  ceremonies.'  A  war  declared 
with  due  forms  was  imtum  helium,  according  to  Roman  ideas. 

2.  ad  percontandos  . . .  ut  indicerent.  This  change  of  con- 
struction shows  that  ad  with  gerundive  is  equivalent  to  a 
final  clause.     Percontari  is  also  written  percunctari. 

3.  publico  consilio,  '  with  the  sanction  of  the  State.' 

4.  oppugnasset,  §  420. 

5.  si  faterentur,  standing,  in  historic  sequence,  for  n 
fateantar  in  oratio  recta.  The  whole  sentence  is  really 
indirect  command,  witli  the  verb  of  command  suppressed, 
being  the  orders  given  to  the  ambassadors. 

6.  venerunt.  Temporal  conjunctions  (except  quum  and 
dum,  §  430  and  §  435)  are  regularly  followed  by  perfect 
indicative:  ch.  11,  note  2. 

7.  private  publicone  ;  an  unusual  form  of  double  question. 
See  §  400.  ^ 

8.  iniuria,  the  opposite  of  iure. 

9.  ictum  esset,  §  467.     (R.  765.) 

10.  C.  Lutatius.  He  made  the  treaty  at  the  end  of  tlie 
First  Punic  War,  B.C.  241. 

11.  negavissent,  §  469. 

33.— 1.  ferociter  :  ferox  is  applied  to  a  person  of  a  spirited, 
warlike  dispositicm. 

2.  vellet,  §  468.     In  oratio  recta :  2Urum  ins,  da. 

3.  daret,  §417.     (R.  672.) 

4.  accipere  ...  gesturos.  In  07'afio  recta:  accipimua  ... 
yeremua. 

5.  quo  .,  animo,  eodem  =  eod'ew  ariivio,  qito. 

34.— 1.  imperatum  erat,  §§  299,  .302. 

2.  traiecerunt,  like  transmittere,  used  intransitively. 

3.  taranseunt,  §  337.     (R.  594. ) 

35.— 1.  darent ;  i.e.  Galli  darenf.     See  §  417  (/>).     (R.  672.) 
2.  risus  dicitur  ortus,  §  370.     In  these  cases  Latin  prefers 


NOTES, 


73 


the  personal  construction  where  we  use  the  impersonal,  '  it  is 
said,'  etc. 

3.  sedaretur,  §  421.     (R.  702.) 

4.  Btolida.  =  8ttUta. 

36.  — 1-  in  se,  referring  to  the  speakers,  the  Gauls. 

2.  meritum,  *  service ' :  ch.  5,  note  15. 

3.  quae,  referring  to  both  meritum  and  iniuHam. 

4.  sumerent,  §452.     (R.  704.) 

5.  audire  . . .  pelli.     Observe  the  tense. 

6.  indigna',  'indignities.' 

7.  certe,  '  in  any  case.' 

8.  pro  alienis,  '  to  save  other  people's.' 

37. — 1.  ab  sociis.  Rome  had  an  old  alliance  with  Massilia 
(Marseilles),  a  (Jreek  colony,  which  once  rivalled  Carthage  in 
the  trade  of  the  Mediterranean. 

2.  constante,  'steadily  maintaining.' 

3.  transmisisse  :  cp.  ch.  .34,  note  2. 

38.— 1.  Carthaginem  Novam  (now  Cartagena),  the  chief 
Punic  settlement  in  Spain,  situated  on  the  S.E.  coast. 

2.  Romae  . . .  Carthagine,  §  272. 

3.  acta  forent,  §  420  {h).     (R.  750.) 

4.  pacatis;  i.e.  reduced  to  submission. 

5.  ut  non  pacis  solum,  etc.  Non  . . .  solum  belongs  to  pads, 
and  the  clause  is  not  a  negative  one  :  cp.  ch.  6,  n.  10. 

6.  bonis,  §  242. 

39.— 1.  instet,  §426. 

2.  visuri  sitis,  §  420  (a)  and  §  114.  This  is  the  regular 
and  only  future  subjunctive.     (R.  617.) 

3.  commeatum,  '  leave  of  absence. ' 

4.  adsitis,  §  417  (6).     (R.  672.) 

5.  ultro,  literally  '  beyond '  (what  was  expected) ;  hence 
'unasked.' 

40. — 1.  peteret,  subjunctive  because  sulx)rdinate  to  esset, 
but  the  more  usual  expression  would  be  dum  petit,  §  467, 
Note  2. 


74 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


2.  ab  Sicilia,  '  on  the  side  of  Sicily ' :  cp.  ch.  20,  note  5. 

41. — 1.  praemissis  {exploratorilnis)^  etc. 

2.  conciliarent,  §  453. 

3.  orae,  the  coast  land  by  which  the  roads  ran. 

4.  Hispanias  .  Galliis :  plural,  because  referring  to  the 
several  divisions  of  each, 

5.  obtinendam  =  tenendam :  ch.  3,  n.  3. 

42.  — 1.  feroces  :  see  note  1  on  ch.  33. 

43.  — I-  ante  ...  quam  venisset.  Hannibal  states  his  inten- 
tion, which  however  he  was  not  allowed  to  carry  out. 

44. — Boii,  the  most  powerful  and  restless  tribe  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul. 

2.  colonias  . .  deductas.  These  colonies  were  garrisons  of 
Latins  and  otlier  allies,  phmted  in  newly -conquered  territory, 
and  occupying  the  land  as  settlers  ;  they  served  to  secure  the 
conquest. 

3.  terroris,  §  260.     (R.  5'22.) 

4.  triumviri,  'commissioners.' 

5.  ad  agrum  assignandum,  '  to  allot  land '  to  the  settlers. 

6.  difflsi,  §  127. 

7.  confugerent,  §  421.     (R.  702.) 

45.  —  1-  fide.  This  word  means  'a  promise,'  especially  of 
protection.     Compare  the  phrase  infidem  recipere. 

2.  obsides.  These  hostages  had  l)een  given  at  the  end  of 
the  last  (Jallic  war. 

3.  redderentur.     In  orafio  recta  :  vin  reddantur  ;  §  443. 

4.  essent.     Observe  the  chanj^e  of  tense. 

46.-1.  praecipitavit,  intrans. 

2.  ad  quingentos,  '  (men)  to  the  number  of,'  etc. 

3.  cecidisse,  §  414  {a).     (R.  5.37.) 

4.  de  integro,  '  afresh  ' ;  i.e.  '  from  the  beginning.' 

5.  ducitur,  §  338. 

6.  signa.  There  was  one  standard  to  each  century  (com- 
manded by  a  centurion),  and  sixty  centuries  to  the  legion. 

7.  Tannetum,  §  211. 


NOTES. 


75 


47. — 1.  proximiun  ostium,  i.e.  the  eastern  mouth. 

2.  satis,  'quite.'  We  are  not  told  who  gave  the  information. 

48.  — 1-  munimento,  §  225. 

2.  contrahendas,  §  379. 

3.  singulis.     The  distributive  numeral  implies  that  one  tree 
made  one  boat. 

4.  possent,  §  442. 

49.— 1-  ex  adverse,  'opposite.' 

2.  adverse  flumine,  'up  the  river.' 

3.  ire  iter,  §  212. 

4.  quam,  with  superlative  adjective  or  adverb,  means  'as ... 
as  possible.' 

5.  adoriatur,  §  411.     (R.  621.) 

6.  millia,  i.e.  passuum.     See  note  3  on  ch.  9. 

7.  secundum ;    literally,    '  following '    (sequor).      Here   the 
opposite  of  adverso  jiumine. 

50. — 1.  accepit.    Accipere  often  means  '  to  learn,'  by  report 
or  otherwise. 

2.  ad  excipiendum,  i.e.  '  to  receive  and  break.' 

3.  nantes,  §  199,  3.     (R.  944.) 

4.  cantu.     All  barbarians  advance  to  battle  with  yells  or 


songs. 


5.   per  expresses  here  the  permanent  condition. 

51. — 1.  qui  =  e^  ii. 

2.  ratem,  'a  raft.' 

3.  pedes,  §  283. 

4.  pontis  in  modum,  'after  the  manner  of,'  etc.  The 
elephants  were  first  accustomed  to  be  afloat  on  the  fixed  raft 
and  then  led  on  to  the  other,  which  was  cast  loose. 

5.  Indi,  the  drivers,  who  came  with  the  elephants  from  Asia. 

6.  inciderat ;  i.e.  into  their  mouths. 

52.— 1.  speculatum,  §  386. 

2.  essent,  §  420  {b).     (R.  750.) 

3.  dimicandi,  §  376. 

4.  perrexit,  '  proceeded.' 


76 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


53.-1.  triduo,  §277. 

2.  defensurus  expresses  the  purpose,  equivalent  to  ws  with 
fut.  partic.  in  Greek  :  cp.  ch.  13,  note  4. 

64. — 1.  duces,  'guides.' 

2.  contioni,  '  tlie  assembled  troops  '  (conventio). 

3.  emensam.  This  past  partic.,  though  from  a  deponent 
verb,  has  sometimes  a  passive  meaning. 

4.  tot  millibus  . . .  proMbentibus,  'in  spite  of  the  opposi- 
tion of,'  etc. 

5.  habere.     Supply  se. 

6.  Italiae,  'belonging  to  Italy.' 

7.  esset :  why  subj.  ? 

55.— 1.  generi,  §  222. 

2.  Alpes  quidem,  '  the  Alps  indeed  ' ;  so  far  from  being 
impassable,  were  even  habitable. 

3.  fauces,  '  the  gorges,'  mountain  valleys  leading  upwards. 

66.— 1.  agri,  §  260. 

57. — 1.  Delta,  Circek,  neut.  indecl.  :  the  letter  A,  which  in 
shape  is  like  the  figure  made  by  a  river  {e.g.  the  Nile) 
running  into  the  sea  through  several  mouths. 

2.  frumenti  feraces,  §  262  (R.  525)  {ferax,  der.  from/cro). 

3.  maiori  =  maiori  natu. 

4.  meritum  is  anything  which  deserves  a  return — *  a 
service.' 

5.  vestimenti,  as  a  precaution  against  the  cold  of  the  Alps. 

6.  securum  iter  praestitit,  '  made  the  march  safe.'  Prae- 
stare  means  sometimes  'to  stand  surety  for  a  person':  here 
it  means  'he  guaranteed  (the  safety),'  securum  being  the 
'oblique  complement,'  §  206. 

58. — 1.  bona  pace  incolentium,  '  with  the  good  leave  of,' 
etc. 

2.  perventum  est,  §  299.     (R.  569. ) 

.3.  erigentibus  ...  agmen,  'as  they  were,'  etc.,  dat.  after 
apparuerujit.  The  ascent  here  is  only  that  of  an  outlying 
range. 

4.  tumulos,  accus.  after  insidentes. 


NOTES. 


77 


5.  occuluissent ...  dedissent,  §  4.39  (?>).  Past  tenses  of  subj. 
are  used  in  conditions  where  it  is  implied  that  the  condition 
was  not  fulfilled  :  'if  they  had,'  implying  that  they  did  not. 
See  ch.  122,  note  2.     (R.  638.) 

6.  stragem  dedissent,  '  would  have  inflicted,'  etc. 

59  _1.  quam  extentissima  potuit :  see  note  4  on  ch.  49  ; 
potuit  is  often  omitted.     (R.  683.) 

2.  obsideri  saltum,  §  414  {h). 

3.  degressos  montanos,  §  414  {h). 

4.  ignes  accendi,  in  order  that  no  suspicion  might  arise  of 
his  movement. 

5.  angustias.  Evasit  is  used  transitively,  but  periculo 
ei'ixderet  occurs,  ch.  61. 

gQ^ 1.  ex  castellis,  '  from  their  fortified  villages.'     Such  a 

place  is  called  a  cast  el  lo  in  Italy  now. 

2.  via,  'by  the  road,'  below  the  heights. 

3.  agmen,  '  the  colunm,'  used  of  soldiers  on  the  march  ; 
aciea,  of  an  army  in  battle  array. 

61.— 1.  iniquitate  ;  literally,  '  unevenness ' :  both  the  enemy 
and  the  nature  of  the  ground*^  were  against  them. 

2.  sibi,  'selfishly.' 

3.  contendente,  §  2,37.     (R.  504.) 

4.  plus  . . .  certaminis,  §  260.     (R.  522. ) 

5.  stragem,  der.  from  stemo. 

6.  simul ;  i.e.  together  with  their  own  fall. 

7.  facerent,  §421.     (R.  712.) 

8.  turba,  '  the  confusion.' 

9.  immensum  altitudinis,  §  260,  '  a.  vast  depth  ' :  comp.  ad 
extremum  periculi,  ch.  64. 

62.— 1.  continuit  suos  :  he  was  on  the  heights  above,  ch.  59. 

2.  impedimentis,  §  229.     (R.  512. ) 

3.  impetu  ipso  ;  i.e.  the  '  mere  charge'  was  enough. 

4  a  montanis  . .  loco  ;  observe  the  use  and  the  omission  of 
a,  §§  239,  240. 

5.  viae,  §  260.  Having  got  over  one  difficult  pass,  he  is 
now  in  open  and  level  valleys,  through  which  he  marches  to 
the  main  ascent. 


78 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


63. — 1.  populum,  'a  district.' 

2.  olivae  ramis.  The  culture  of  the  olive  ia  ao  important 
in  S(nithern  Europe  that  it  is  almost  everywhere  a  symbol  of 
industry  and  peace. 

3.  memorantes,  '  stating. ' 

4.  duces,  'guides.' 

5.  modo  ne  faceret,  §  442.     (R.  396.) 

6.  credendum,  §  299  and  §  414  {h).     (R.  569  and  535.) 

64. — 1.  fuisset . . .  accepta  esset.  See  ch.  122,  note  2. 
(R.  6.38.) 

2.  etiam  sic,  'even  as  it  was.' 

3.  obtinentes,  'occupying.' 

4.  ab  latere,  'on  the  flank.' 

5.  ut  Hannibal  cogeretur,  etc.  This  was  to  cover  the  passage 
of  the  cavalry  and  haggage  out  of  the  defile  :  probably  the  rock 
in  question  was  alx)ve  the  pass,  and  he  took  up  a  position 
which  checked  the  enemy's  movements. 

6.  tutum  praebebant,  '  rendered  safe ' :  comp.  securum 
praestitif,  ch.  57,  note  6. 

65. — 1.  nono  die,  nine  days  after  leaving  the  plains. 

2.  iugum  ;  i.e.  the  top  of  the  pass. 

3.  biduum,  §  278.     (R.  460.) 

4.  occidente  iam  sidere  Vergiliarum  ;  i.e.  the  constellation 
of  the  Pleiades,  the  setting  of  which  (in  October)  marks  the 
beginning  of  winter. 

5.  despondere  animos  ;  literally',  '  to  give  up  courage.' 

6.  Italiam  ostentans,  etc.  No  extensive  view  can  be  got 
from  tlie  top  of  the  passes,  but  imagination  would  supply 
much. 

7.  moenia  ;  i.e.  the  Alps  v/hich  shut  in  Italy  on  the  North. 

8.  eos  excludes  reference  to  himself. 

9.  summum,  adverb,  'at  moat.' 

10.  altero  (literally,  '  second ')  =  *  two.' 

66. — 1.  ab  Italia,  'on  the  side  of  Italy' :  op.  ah  latere,  ch.  64, 
note  4. 

2.  ut ;  i.e.  adeo  uf,  consecutive. 

3.  titubassent:  ch.  145,  note  2.     (R.  650  (/>).) 


NOTES. 


79 


67. — 1.  in  mille  pedum  spatium ;  i.e.  the  path  had  been 
carried  away  for  a  distance  of  1000  feet. 

2.  quae  res  moraretur,  §  420  (/>),  object  of  miranii.    (R.  750. ) 

68. — 1-  ea  ...  via  ;  i.e.  the  way  round. 

2.  haec,  the  new-fallen  snow. 

3.  altitudine,  §  234. 

4.  vestigium  recipiebat ;  i.e.  afforded  a  footing  (so  long  as 
it  was  not  much  trodden). 

5.  ut,  §428.     (R.  72.3.) 

6.  nudam  glaciem,  the  last  year's  snow,  formed  into  a  sort 
of  glacier. 

7.  tabem,  used  of  any  melting  substance. 

8.  posset,  §  452  {h).     (R.  680.) 

9.  VLt  =  ita  iU. 

10.  pedica,  §  240. 

g9__l.  ad  viam...muniendam,  §  .379.  (R.  547.)  The 
object  was  to  restore  the  road  where  it  had  been  carried  away, 
by  cutting  a  path  along  the  face  of  the  rocks  which  had  been 
left  bare.     Munire  is  the  usual  word  for  road -making. 

2.  pabuli,  §260.     (R.  522.) 

3.  inferiora,  '  the  lower  regions.* 

4.  cultu,  §  243.     (R.  495.) 

70.— 1-  quindecim  diebus ;  i.e.  nine  for  the  ascent,  two  at 
the  top  of  the  pass,  and  four  for  the  descent,  nearly  all  of 
which  last  were  spent  in  getting  past  the  landslip. 

2.  transierit,  §  467.  (R.  765.)  Posfquam  is  regularly 
followed  by  the  perfect  tense. 

3.  amisisse.     Hannibal  of  course  is  the  subject. 
71.— 1.  id  ;  i.e.  his  proposal. 

72.— 1.  Pisas,  §273.     (R.  464.) 

2.  exercitu,  etc.  His  own  had  been  sent  on  to  Spain  under 
his  brother  :  ch.  53. 

3.  Padum  traiecisse,  §  414  (a).     (R.  537.) 

4.  diebus,  §  280. 


80 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


5.  ne  tentaturum  quidem,  §414  {h).  (R.  53o.)  ne...quidem 
are  separated  always  by  the  word  to  which  they  most  closely 
belong,  §  398. 

6.  si  tentasset  (in  oratio  recta,  si  tenfaverit),  §  439  (a). 
(R.  638.) 

73. — 1.  educerem  . . .  supersedissem  :  ch.  122,  note  2. 

2.  vicerunt,  alluding  to  the  skirmish  in  ch.  52. 

3.  fugientem.  It  suits  his  purpose  to  suggest  that  Hannibal 
in  leaving  him  Ixjhind  was  flying  from  him. 

4.  haberetis,  because  adreni  is  used  as  a  historic  tense, 
'I  came,' §411. 

5.  imperatori,  §  222. 

6.  pugnandum  est,  §  382. 

7.  priore  bello  ;  i.e.  the  First  Punic  War. 

8.  capta,  §  198,  4. 

74.— 1.  detrectaverint,  §  467.  (R.  765.)  The  occasion  was 
when  Hannibal  was  at  the  Rhone. 

2.  duabus  partibus  ;  i.e.  out  of  three,  '  two- thirds.' 

3.  spei,  §260.     (R.  522.) 

4.  at  enim  pauci  quidem.  This  states  a  possible  objection, 
'  but  it  may  be  said  they  are  few  indeed  but,'  etc.  Quidem 
(like  jj^p)  has  often  a  concessive  meaning,  though  apparently 
in  a  principal  clause.     (R.  677,  a,  b.) 

5.  immo,  '  nay  rather. ' 

6.  praeusti,  'frostbitten.' 

7.  torrida  means  '  parched,'  either  with  heat  or  cold,  ex- 
plained here  by  gelu. 

8.  hoc,  *of  this  kind.' 

9.  vereor  ne  ...  videantur.  The  fear  is  that  the  \'ictory 
which  the  Romans  will  win  may  be  attributed  rather  to  the 
powers  of  Nature. 

10.  deos  ...  profligure,  §  414  (a). 

75.— 1.  ediderit,  §  420  {h).     (R.  750.) 

2.  pugnaverint,  §  467.     (R.  765.) 

3.  Aegates  insulas.  The  decisive  battle  at  the  end  of  the 
First  Punic  War,  241  B.C. 


NOTES 


81 


4.  velim,  §  352. 

5.  videatis,  §  449.     (R.  660.) 

6.  licuit ;  i.e.  we  had  it  in  our  power  after  :he  First  Punic 
War  to  do  this,  but  we  abstained,  and  here  is  our  reward. 
Seipio's  statements  are  exaggerated. 

7.  ad  Erycem.  Mount  Eryx  in  Sicily,  which  Hamilcar 
held  against  the  Romans  from  B.C.  247  till  the  battle  of  the 
Aegates  insulae,  B.C.  241,  and  then  was  compelled  to 
surrender. 

8.  pro,  'in  return  for.' 

9.  oppugnatum,  §386.     (R.  553.) 

76.— 1.  tantum,  'only.' 

2.  asset,  §359.     (R.  666  {b).) 

3.  ab  tergo  :  cp.  ab  latere,  a  f route,  etc.,  ch.  64,  note  4. 

4.  vincamur  :  see  ch.  122,  note  2. 

5.  obsistat,  §  452  (6).     (R.  680.) 

6.  pugnemus,  §  449.     (R.  660.) 

7.  putet,  §  360. 

8.  domesticas;  i.e.  those  just  mentioned  of  wife  and 
children. 

9.  intueri,  etc.,  §  414(c). 

10.  talem  . . .  fore  :  the  infinitive  construction  marks  this  as 
the  principal  clause. 

77. — 1-  Haec  ...  consul.     Appendix  III. ,  Ellipsis. 

2.  ecquis...  vellet,  §  420(6).  (R.  750.)  Ecquis  is  an  in- 
terrogative form  of  the  indefinite  quin,  §  100. 

3.  ea  lege,  'on  the  condition.' 

4.  victor  ...  victus.     (R.  652.)     Conditional  in  meaning. 

5.  ad  unum,  '  to  a  man.' 

6.  in  id,  '  for  that  purpose.' 

7.  exciderat.  The  lots  were  cast  by  shaking  up  the  names 
in  a  vessel,  and  taking  those  which  first  jumped  out. 

8.  paribus  ;  i.e.  contests  between  selected  pairs. 

9.  miserarentur ;  i.e.  they  pitied  those  who  remained  in 
slavery  as  compared  not  only  with  the  victors,  but  also  with 
those  wlio  liad  been  killed  in  single  combat. 


82 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


10.  locutus  fertur,    §  370.      The  personal  construction  is 
preferred  in  these  cases  :  cp.  ch.  35,  2. 

78. — 1.  alienis;  i.e.  of  the  Gallic  prisoners. 

2.  vicimus.     Past  for  future,  to  express  the  certainty  ot 
the  result. 

3.  ne  ad  efTugium  quidem,  much  less  therefore  for  attack, 
§  398. 

4.  habentes,  accus. 

79.— 1.  victoribus:  cp.  ch.  77,4.     (R.  642.) 

2.  ne  optare  quidem,  '  so  far  from  expecting  more,  not  even 
their  wishes  can  go  farther.' 

3.  parentibus,  §  221. 

4.  recuperaturi  essemus,  §§  114,  439  (h).     (R.  638.) 

5.  cum  ipsis  dominis ;  i.  e.  when  the  owners  of  them  are 
ours. 

6.  tot  laborum  :  genitive  after  emolumeuto. 

7.  tempus  est.     Used  with  infinitive  clause,  like  oportet. 

8.  opulenta  stipendia,  *  profitable  campaigns.' 

9.  emensos,  agreeing  with  vos. 

80. — 1.  nee,  for  et  ne. 

2.  existimaritis,  §  347. 

3.  magui  nominis  stands  for  an  adjective. 

4.  memento  (from  moveo),  'an  impulse.' 

5.  fulgore  means  the  false  glitter  (prestige)  attaching  to 
the  name. 

6.  Bint,  §420  (a).     (R.  750.) 

7.  a  Oallis,  '  by  Gauls ' ;  contemptuously  spoken.  The 
events  are  related  in  ch.  44-46. 

8.  ignoto  . . .  ig^noranti,  because  Scipio  had  only  just  taken 
the  command  :  ch.  71. 

9.  semestri.  Scipio  became  consul  in  March  ;  it  was  now 
October  or  November.  The  constant  change  of  command  was 
often  a  disadvantage  to  the  Romans. 

10.  alumnus,  because  brought  up  in  the  camp. 

81.— 1.  inferentis  vim,  '  the  aggressor.' 
2.  indignitas  :  cp.  indigna  pati,  ch.  36. 


NOTES. 


83 


3.  depoposcerunt,  §  150,  1. 

4.  primum:  adverb. 

5.  deditos,  '  if  we  had  been  surrendered '  :  cp.  ch.  77,  4. 

6.  aflfecturi  {nerunt  =  afecis8ent,  §  440  [d).     (R.  628.) 

7.  sui  arbitrii,  '  subject  to  its  will.' 

82.— 1.  vindicaverimus,  pointing  to  the  future. 

2.  per  tuta  itinera  fugientes,  as  opposed  to  the  difficulties 
lying  between  the  Carthaginians  and  their  home. 

3.  contemptu,  §231. 

83.— 1.  iungunt,  literally  'yoke';   that  is,   'connect   the 
two  banks. ' 

2.  tutandi  pontis  causa  :  see  ch.  13,  note  4. 

3.  occupatis,  i.e.  '  taken  up  beforehand,'  always  with  a 
notion  of  seizing  and  anticipating. 

4.  parci,  §§  299,  302. 

84.-1.  sese  daturum.  Poll icitus  est  is  implied  in  ^rae^nta 
proponit. 

2.  vellet  ...  maluisset:  velfet  {rdit  in  oratio  recta),  ch.  145, 
note  2  ;  maluisset  [maluerit  in  oi-aiio  recta),  ch.  72,  note  6,  and 
ch.  122,  note  2,  implying  that  the  choice  is  to  be  made  after 
the  victory  :  the  primary  tense,  pointing  to  future  time, 
becomes  historic  only  because  in  historic  consecution. 

3.  protesUtem  facturum,  '  he  would  give  them  the  oppor- 
tunity '  (of  gaining  that  privilege). 

4.  bina,  distributive,  §  313. 

5.  rata,  'fulfilled.' 

6.  falleret  {fcdlam  in  oratio  recta),  '  if  he  proved  fcalse  to 
his  promises.'     See  above  on  maluisset. 

7.  mactarent,  §  417  {h). 

8.  saxo  ;  i.e.  sUice,  '  the  flint  knife.'  Primitive  instruments 
are  often  retained  in  religious  ceremonies. 

35  _1 .  procuratiS.  The  occurrence  of  a  portent  was  always 
followed  by  measures  to  avert  the  anger  of  the  gods.  This 
was  called  procuratio. 

2.  et  ipsi:  i.e.  'he  too';  ipsi  strengthens  et :  ch.  144, 
note  1. 

3.  circa,  adverb. 


84 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


4.  utrisque  :  generally  singular  ;  the  sense  is  the  same. 
86.— 1.  expediebant,  §  199,  3. 

2.  in'subsidiis,  'in  n^serve  as  supports.'  The  troops  here 
were  all  cavalry,  ligiit  or  heavy. 

3.  frenatos.     The  light  Nuniidian  horse  rode  without  reins. 

4.  iaculatores ;  i.e.  on  the  Roman  side. 

5.  ab  tergo,  '  in  the  rear  ' :  cp.  ab  latere,  a  f route. 

87. — 1.  pubescentis.     He  was  in  fact  17  years  old. 

2.  perfect!  ...  belli,  '  of  finishing  the  war  '  :  cp,  ira  interfecti 
domini='vage  for  the  slaying  of  his  master':  ch.  3,  note  6 
(concrete  for  abstract). 

3.  victoriam,  the  battle  of  Zama,  B.C.  202. 

88. — 1-  campos  patentes,  the  plain  of  Lombardy,  where 
cavalry  would  meet  with  few  obstacles. 

89. — 1.  sciret,  subj.  because  it  implies  their  purpose  of 
concealing  the  fact,  §  427. 

2.  ratem,  '  the  bridge  of  boats.' 

3.  flumen  iungreret,  §  455. 

4.  legationibus  . .  audiendis :  ablative  after  moratm,  ex- 
pressing that  in  which  he  spent  his  time  ;  traiiciehat  implying 
that  it  took  some  time. 

5.  diebus,  §  280. 

6.  millia:  supply  ;>a.w«we.  Both  armies  are  now  south 
of  the  Po,  and  (probably)  on  the  west  side  of  the  Trebia  ;  but 
some  historians  think  that  Scipio  was  now  cm  the  east  side  of 
that  river,  and  that  Hannikl  had  passed  on  still  further  to 
the  eastward,  cutting  him  off  from  Rome.  However  that 
may  be,  Scipio  soon  put  the  river  Trebia  between  the  two 
armies :  ch.  90. 

90. — 1-   BOllicitandos  ;  i.e.  to  instigate  them  to  revolt. 

2.  vigilia.     The  night  had  four  watches. 

3.  equiti  =  "qnitatni. 

91. — 1.  fefellit,  'escaped  notice"  (of  the  enemy). 

2.  turbavisset :  ch.  122,  note  2. 

3.  utique  novissimum  :  to  be  taken  together  ;  *  at  any  rate 
the  rear.'     (R.  901.) 


NOTES. 


85 


4.  tenint,  §  338. 

5.  emissus  e  manibus,  as  we  say,  '  slipped  through  their 
fingers.' 

92.— 1.  indies,  'daily.' 

2.  numenim,  'quantity,' 

3.  non  saevitum  est,  'no  great  harshness  was  used.' 
Observe  the  reluctance  of  the  Roman  historian  to  give 
Hannibal  credit  for  humanity. 

93.  — 1-  Lilybaeum.     At  the  western  point  of  Sicily. 

2.  ferret,  §  417  {h). 

3.  Ariminum  (Rimhii) ;  see  map. 

4.  adegrit,  'he  bound,' 

5.  quo  facto  ;  i.e.  the  meeting  having  been  effected.  They 
made  their  journey  independently  of  one  another. 

94.— 1.  dilatam  dimicationem ;  see  note  on  ch.  87,  'perfecti 
belli. 

2.  veUet,  §  467. 

3.  comitionim,  'the  election  of  consuls.'  Tempus  pro- 
pinqitum  is  concrete  for  abstract. 

4.  ne  ...  diflferretur  ;  i.e.  tirnore  ne. 

5.  occasio  {stimrdahat). 

6.  in  se  unum,  '  to  himself  alone.' 

7.  propinquum,  'immediate.' 

95.— 1.  foret,  §  420(6)  (R.  750)  {not  'would  be').  The 
advantage  of  the  Romans  lay  in  delay,  because  Hannibal's 
supplies  would  thereby  be  exhausted, 

2.  alterius,  *  one '  of  the  two  consuls. 

96. — 1-  quern  teneas,  'suitable  for  you  to  occupy.' 

2,  centenos  :  distributive,  100  from  each,  viz.  cavalry  and 
infantry  ;  200  altogether. 

3.  singulis  novenos  ;  so  that  the  total  would  be  2000. 

97. — 1.  instratis,  participle,  'saddled,' 

98. — 1.  tumultum  here  means  'an  irregular  attack,'  some- 
times 'an  insurrection,' 

2.  certaminis,  §  262.     (R,  525.) 


86 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAR. 


3.  accedebat  quod,  §  416.     (R.  713.) 

4.  liominibus,  §  220. 

5.  caloris,  §  260. 

6.  ingrressi  sunt,  §  428. 

7.  omnibus,  §  221. 

8.  \kX  =  adeo  ut. 

99. — 1.  miles,  coWectixe  =  milites  :  cp.  equeSj  ch.  90. 

2.  per  otium,  *  at  their  leisure.' 

3.  aciem,  '  the  order  of  battle  ' ;  aymen  being  the  *  order  of 
march.' 

4.  Baleares.  These  were  slingers,  etc. ,  from  the  islands  of 
Majorca,  Minorca,  and  Ivica. 

5.  ab  comibus,  '  on  the  wings ' :  cp.  ch.  76,  note  3. 

100.  1.  BOCivLm  =  80€iorMm. 

2.  ad  hoc,  '  in  addition  to  this.' 

3.  animis,  'in  the  courage  displayed  by  both  sides.' 

4.  contra,  adverb. 

101. — 1.  simul,  for  simid  atque. 

2.  circumventi.  Cavalry  and  Gauls  having  been  driven 
back,  the  infantry  was  surrounded. 

3.  alia  ;  supply  via. 

4.  interclusis,  '  because  they  were  cut  off  by  the  river.' 

5.  prae,  'on  account  of.' 

6.  ferrent,  §§  358,  420  {h).  The  subjunctix-e  here  serves  a 
double  purpose  for  an  indirect  question  and  for  the  delibera- 
tive conjunctive. 

7.  Placentiam.  From  this  also  they  were  probably  divided 
by  the  Trebia  (ch.  89,  note  6),  but  might  cross  it  at  the  town 
itself  in  safety  :  cp.  ch.  20,  note  8. 

102. — 1.  flumen  petiere  ;  i.e.  endeavoured  to  return  to  the 
camp. 

2.  quod  ...  exercitus,  §  260. 

103.— 1.  infestis  signis;  i.e.  with  hostile  march. 

2.  ita,  with  terrills. 

3.  ad  praedandmn,  with  effusoa. 


NOTES. 


87 


4.  comitiis.  The  consul  regularly  presided  over  the 
elections. 

5  Cn.  and  C.  are  the  abbreviations  of  Gnaeus  and  Gaius. 
The  letter  C  originally  stood  for  the  hard  sounds  of  K  and 
G  without  distinction.  When  G  was  invented  the  old  use 
of  C  survived  in  these  abbreviations,  though  not  m  the  lull 
names. 

104.— 1.  Romanis,  §  221. 

2.  clausi,  'cut  off.' 

3.  subveherent,  §  452  (such  as). 

4  ipsonun :  not  s^ia  because  that  would  refer  to  the  subject 
of  the  principal  clause,  Hannibal ;  ipse  is  often  used  as  a 
secondary  reflexive  pronoun. 

5.  quod  ...  traheretur,  §  469.  The  subjunctive  implies  that 
this  was  the  complaint  of  the  Gauls. 

105  _1.  reciprocare;  lit.  'to  move  backwards  and  for- 
wards' ;  here,  of  the  act  of  breathing. 

2.  strepere  . . .  micare  . . .  torpere,  §  372.     (R.  539. ) 
3    capti  auribUB,   'attacked  in,'  etc.     Often  it  means  so 
attacked  as  to  lose  the  use  of  the  part  mentioned.     Captus 
omnihiis  memhris='  having  lost  the  use  of  his  hmbs    :  cp.  cU. 
118,  altero  ocido  capitur. 

106  _1.  deintegro,  'afresh.' 

2.  explicare,  '  to  unfold  (the  canvas).' 

3.  statuere,  '  to  set  up  (the  poles).' 

4.  quod  statutum  esset :    subjunctive,  because  indefinite 
and  hypothetical :  ch.  145,  note  2. 

5.  Btrage,  derived  from  stenio. 

6.  nequiret,  §421.     (R.  712.) 

7.  nervis,  '  muscles.' 

107.— 1.  ad  decem  millia,  'to  a  point  ten  miles  from  the 
town. ' 
2.  pro  nmnero, '  in  proportion  to  the  number '  (of  the  slain). 

108  —1    prodigia.     Livy  is  not  credulous  about  these,  but 
simply  copies  them  down  from  the  records  of  the  porUiJices. 
2.  in  quis  ;  supply  nuntiatum  est. 


88 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  IFAB. 


3.  trlumpliuin  clamasse ;  i.e.  'had  cried  lo  triumphe'  the 
usual  shout  at  a  triumph.  /'    »   ^  '^ 

4.  aedem  lunonis ;  i.e.  at  Lanuvium. 

5.  pulvinari' a  cushioned  seat'  (from pw/nwM,s  a  cushion) 
placed  before  the  images  of  g(xis. 

6.  visos;  i.e.  '(persons)  were  seen.' 

7.  nec  cum  uUo  congressus  ;  i.e.  '  held  no  communications 
with  anyone. 

8.  lapidibus  pluvisse,  a  meteoric  or  volcanic  shower. 

9.  Caere,  indecl.  :  abl.  Caere. 

10.  sortes.  Tiiese  lots  which  shrank  were  slips  of  wood 
or  metal  with  words  on  them,  which  were  consulted  like  an 
oracle,  by  drawing  at  random. 

11.  vigili,  §220  (a). 

109.— 1.  Ob  caetera  prodigria  ;  i.e.  to  know  what  measures 
to  take  ;  see  note  1  on  ch.  85. 

2.  libros :  the  sibylline  books,  which  were  in  charce  of  a 
l>oard  of  ten  {decejnviri  aacris  faciundis). 

3.  pluvisset:  virtual  oratio  ohliqua,  §469.  The  truth  of 
tlie  statement  is  not  vouched  for  by  Livy. 

4.  novendiale  sacrum.  This  was  the  established  remedy 
for  a  fall  of  stones.  ^ 

5  lustrata.  This  was  done  by  a  procession  round  the  city 
walla,  with  prayers  and  sprinkling  of  holy  water  ;  ordinarily 
performed  at  the  end  of  every  five  years  {Imtriim). 

6  hostiae  maiores ;  i.e.  'full-grown  animals,'  opposed  to 
lacteiUes,  ch.  115,  note  2.  '      i'i' 

7.  ex  auri  pondo  quadragrinta  =  ex  quadraginta  {IihH»)  auri 
pondo.  londo  means  '  by  weight,'  the  original  form  being 
libra  pojido  =  &  pound  ;  then  it  came  to  be  used  by  itself  in- 
declinable.    Qmt  pondo  ?  =  how  many  pounds  ? 

8.  lectisternium  :  '  the  offering  of  banquets  in  the  temples.' 

9.  suppllcatio  :  a  series  of  prcxjessions,  in  which  all  joined, 
to  the  various  temples,  accompanied  by  a  religious  service. 

10.  Oenio,  the  guardian  spirit  of  the  Roman  people. 

11.  vota  suscipere  si  . .  stetisset,  'to  undertake  vows  (to 
t)e  paid)  in  the  event  that, '  etc.  (Stetismt,  in  historic  sequence 
tor  steterit,  primary  :  ch.  84,  note  2,  and  122,  note  2.) 


NOTES. 


89 


12.  liaec  procurata  votaque ;  i.e.  'the  provision  of  this,' 
etc.     Concrete  for  abstract :  ch.  3,  note  6. 

13.  magna  ex  parte,  '  in  a  great  measure.' 

14.  religione;  i.e.  the  feeling  of  awe  which  the  prodigies 
inspired. 

110.— 1.  designatorum.  So  called  from  their  election  till 
the  ides  of  March,  when  they  actually  took  office  :  see  ch.  114. 

2.  adesset,  §  417  {h). 

3.  in  provincia ;  i.e.  the  province  of  Ariminum  (or  Gallic 
Umbria).  This  soon  after  ceased  to  be  a  province.  Gallia 
Cisalpina  was  not  yet  one. 

4.  memori,  agreeing  with  huic. 

5.  certaminum,  §  265.  Flaminius  had  proposed  an  agrarian 
law  232  B.C.  for  dividing  land  in  the  north  of  Italy  among  the 
people.  In  223,  when  consul,  he  had  gained  a  victory  over 
the  Gauls,  though  the  Senate  had  found  a  flaw  in  his  election 
and  recalled  him  before  the  battle.  On  his  return  he  cele- 
brated a  triumph,  though  the  Senate  refused  permission. 

6.  pataibus,  'the  Senate.' 

7.  uno,  '  alone.' 

8.  tulerat,  'had  proposed.' 

9.  cuive  senator  pater  fuisset,  'or  the  son  of  a  senator': 
ch.  84,  note  2. 

10.  amphorarum.  The  amphora  was  a  liquid  measure  equal 
to  six  gallons,  used  as  a  measure  of  the  capacity  of  ships. 

11.  esset,  §468. 

12.  quaestus,  'commercial  speculation.'  The  people  are 
always  jealous  of  the  combination  of  power  and  wealth.  In 
Sallust's  '  Jugurtha '  the  tribune  Memmius  complains,  penes 
eosdem  et  summam  gloriam  et  maximas  divitias  esse. 

lll._l.  ementiendis,  'tampering  with.' 

2.  Latinarum  feriarum,  the  ancient  festival  of  the  Latin 
league,  when  the  consuls  offered  sacrifice  on  the  Alban  mount. 

3.  non  cum  senatu,  etc.  ;  i.e.  '  (people  said)  that  not  with 
the  Senate,'  etc. 

4  cum  diis :  because  the  consuls  had  to  offer  sacrifices  on 
the  Capitol  when  they  took  office,  which  Flaminius  neglected. 


90 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


5.  universi.     This  must  be  exaggerated,  for  nothing  effec- 
tive was  done.     This  account  is  probably  hostile  to  Flaminius. 

112. — 1.  legati,  'commissioners.* 

2.  mterae,  the  letter  of  recall,  which  Flaminius  had  dis- 
regarded :  ch.  110,  note  5. 

3.  immolanti  ei,  '  while  he  was  sacrificing,'  implying  that 
misfortune  was  portended  to  him  by  the  event. 

4.  in  omen  magni  terroris,  '  as  a  terrific  portent.' 

.  113.  — 1.  exercituum  depends  on  hihemisy  and  has  the  geni- 
tive utriusque  partis  dependent  upcjii  it. 

2.  ipsonim  inter  se  fraude,  *  their  treachery  to  one  another' ; 
the  conspiracies  being  disclosed  by  the  conspirators  them- 
selves. 

114.— 1.  de  republica  rettulisset.  Referre  is  '  to  consult 
the  senate,'  de  republica,  *  on  the  state  of  public  affairs.' 

2.  iustum  imperium,  because  the  imperium  was  formally 
conferred  by  a  lex  curiata  moved  for  by  the  consul. 

3.  id;  i.e.  the  ampiciuni  or  'divine  sanction,'  testified  by 
omens.  This  Flaminius  had  not  taken  with  him,  because  he 
lett  Rome  as  a  private  person,  nor  could  he  obtain  it  {concip- 
ere)  except  on  Roman  soil,  of  which  a  province  was  not  part. 

115.  —1.  auctoribus,  '  the  witnesses  who  vouched  for  them.' 

2.  maioribus  bostiis,  opposed  to  lacteiUibus ;   cp.  ch.   109 
note  6.  ^  ' 

3.  procurarentur :  see  note  1  on  ch.  85. 

4.  supplicatio  :  see  note  9  on  ch.  109. 

116.— 1.  quum,  'although.'  The  ordinary  passes  were 
being  guarded  by  the  consuls  at  Arretium  and  Ariminum. 

2.  inundaverat,  intrans. 

3.  id,  '  those  troops. ' 

4.  novissimos,  'last.' 

5.  Gallos  after  cohiheutem. 

6.  dilaberentur,  '  fall  out  of  the  ranks':  ch.  84,  note  2  (so 
praeirent  below). 

117.— 1.  qua  modo,    conditional   {si  modo) :    cp.  ch.  145, 
note  ti, 

2.  immergentes  se,  'plunging  into  deep  water.' 


NOTES. 


91 


3  GaUi.  Compare  the  character  of  the  Gauls  given  by 
C*sar,  '  Bellum  Gallicum,'  iii.  19 ;  ut  ad  hella  smcipienda 
Gallorum  alacer  ac  promptus  est  animus,  sic  mollis  ac  mmime 
resistens  ad  calamitates  perferendas  mens  eorum  est. 

4.  vigiliae,  '  want  of  sleep.' 

118—1.  steraerent,  §  453.     (R.  680.) 

2.  necessaxium,  properly  of  that  to  which  one  is  driven  by 
necessity  ;  hence  of  that  which  is  barely  sutfacient. 

3.  oculis,  §  235. 

4.  quo  =  w^  eo,  §  453. 

5.  gravante,  agreeing  with  humare,  but  referring  also  to 
vigiliis. 

6.  altero  occulo  capitur :  see  note  3  on  ch.  105. 

119.— 1.  copias,  '  the  means.' 

2.  in  primis  ;  i.e.  regionibus,  '  equal  to  the  best.' 

3.  ferox  ab,  etc.  His  spirit  was  raised  by  successful  insub- 
ordination. 

4.  non  modo  =  nou  modo  non. 

5.  lepum,  §262.     (R.  525.) 

120.— 1.  eo,  '  for  that  reason ' :  often  with  comparatives. 
2.  caedibus,  etc.,  §  240. 

121.— 1.  vagari,  infinitive  clause  in  apposition  to  *id,' 
§  414(c).  ^  , 

2.  collegam  exspectandum  ...  cohibendum   esse,      namely 

that,'  etc. 

3.  coniunctis  exercitibus,  §  237. 

4.  effusa,  'unrestrained.' 

122.-1-  effodiant,  §  417  (a).     (R-  672.) 

2  obtorpuerunt,  §  438.  As  a  rule,  in  conditions  the  indi- 
cative is  used  if  the  event  supposed  is  one  which  may  actually 
have  occurred  or  be  occurring  at  the  time  when  the  words  are 
used.  The  subjunctive  either  refers  to  the  future  (m  primary 
tenses,  present  or  perfect),  or,  if  used  of  past  and  Present  in 
historic  tenses,  imperf.  or  plupf.),  implies  that  the  event  sup^ 
posed  has  not  occurred  and  is  not  occurring.  (But  the  tuture 
indicative  is  also  used  as  equivalent  to  present  subjunctive.) 
(R.  638,  639.) 


92 


THE  HANNIBALIAN   WAR. 


3.  primoribus,  the  members  of  the  aristocracy  in  the  armv  • 
opposed  always  to  Flaminius.  ^  ^  * 

123.— 1.  agri,  §  260. 

2.  velut ...  reUcto  BpsLtio  =  veiiU  spatium  relictum  sit. 

3.  de  industria,  'on  purpose.' 

Pint;  ""a^^^  J^IY^';* '    *t^^  ^^  ^  ^y^  th«  ^»"«  again  come 
the    asT"  '  P^'"^  '^  ^^""^  half-way  through 

5.  consideret,  §411,  Note. 

6.  post  montes  ;  i.e.  so  as  to  be  concealed  in  the  hills  by  the 
side  or  the  pass.  *^ 

7.  tumulis,  '  mounds  '  near  the  lake. 

8.  intrassent,  §  432. 

.2^'V\  ."^""T  -.  Pervenisset,  etc.  Observe  how  the  clauses 
are  Imked  together  into  one  sentence  by  quum,  ablative  abso- 
lute, and  postqiiam,  where  in  English  we  should  break  it  into 
separate  sentences,  e.g.  'The  consul  had  encamped  in  the 
evening  on  the  side  of  the  lake...  he  had  made  a  forced 
march,  and  had  arrived  at  his  position  so  late  that  he  could 
not  examine  the  frmnnrl  h..f^r.^  i,;^       t.-„„i..  .i  .         ,        ^oum 


not  examine  the  ground  before  him.     Early  the  next  mornrng 

(Arnold,  '  Hist,  of  Rome,'  vol.  iiiT 


he  set  forward  again,'  etc 
p.  89.) 

2.  angrustiis,  '  the  narrow  defile '  at  the  entrance  of  the  pass 

3.  id  . . .  hostium,  §  260.     (R.  522. ) 

4.  ab  tergro  ;  i.e.  the  cavalry. 

5.  super  caput ;  i.e.  the  light-armed  troops. 
125.-1.  inter  se  ..  conspecta,  '  visible  to  one  another.' 

2.  Romanus,  '  the  Romans  '  generally. 

3.  in  frontem,  etc..  in  the  direction  of,  etc. 

§  427!^'(r!'698T'     ^^'''  '"^  ^^'*'  ""^  """^  ^""^  ^^"'  ^^  ^"• 
5.  possent :  subjunctive,  not  because  these  actions  did  not 

on  fh?f    f  Vk  "*  ^^'^"'?  ^''^'  ^'""^  ''  ^^°"g^»t  «^  as  depending 
on  that  of  the  principal  sentence.  f  b 

.J^^^'~}:u^^^^^?'  .^^''"'   gnisque.      This    clause    gives    the 
reason  of  the  confusion  {turbatos  ordiiie). 

2.  evadendum,  §  382. 


NOTES. 


93 


3.  Bit,  §  467.  The  sentence  depends  on  a  (historic)  present, 
to  be  supplied  from  itihet. 

VZl  -\  tantum  aberat  ut...ut  vix,  etc.  Tantum  aheat 
is  followed  by  two  ut  clauses,  the  first  substantival  (being  the 
subject  of  the  verb),  the  second  consecutive,  §  422,  Note  1. 

(R.  712,  h.)  .    c   ^     V,     . 

o  strepentium  . . .  paventium.  Strepere  is  used  of  the  shouts 
oflhe  victors.  We  should  say  here  'cries  of  triumph  and 
panic  '  :  cp.  fremitus  indiijnantium,  *  murmurs  of  indigna- 
tion.'    Concrete  for  abstract :  cp.  note  6  on  ch.  3. 

3.  alii  ...  aUos,  expressing  the  complete  confusion  of  every- 
thing. 

128.— 1-  capti,  'checked,'  and  so  rendered  useless:  cp. 
note  3  on  ch.  105. 

2  hastatos  .  principes  .  triarios;  i.e.  the  first,  second, 
and  third  line  of  the  Roman  legion.  The  first  two  consisted 
normally  of  1200  men  each,  and  the  third  always  of  bOO. 

3.  ut  ..  esset,  consecutive,  '  in  such  a  form  that,'  etc. 

4.  senserit,  §  421.     (R.  712.) 

129  -  1.  robora  virorum.     As  we  say,  '  the  flower  of  the 
army,'  the  stoutest  and  best  soldiers. 
2.  Ducario,  §  224,  Note. 

3  facie  quoque  ;  i.e.  not  only  by  his  dress. 

4.  popularibus  suis,  with  inquit.  The  Gaul  refers  to  the 
war  of  123  B.C.,  in  which  Flaminius  defeated  the  Insubrians. 

5  manibus.  The  idea  of  off-ering  victims  to  the  spirits  of 
the  dead  who  demand  vengeance  is  ancient  and  natural. 

6.  triarii.  The  men  of  the  third  line  or  reserve  were  tried 
veterans,  faithful  here  to  the  last. 

1^  -1  super  alium  alii.  The  reference  is  to  Ijoth  ar^na 
and^iri,  the  two  together  being  equivalent  to  cum  armis  vvn. 

§  160.  ^  ^, 

2.  quoad  capitibus  . .   exstare  possunt ;  i.  e.  as  far  as  they  can 

without  being  out  of  their  depth. 

3    fuere  quos  ...  impulerit.  Sunt  qui  (indefinite)  is  followed 

by  subjunctive,  §  452  (c)  (such  that). 
4.  nequicquam,  with/e^si. 


94 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAB. 


thJoVlhe'pLT"'^    '"•   '''^  ""^^  ''''''  ""^  '''^'^'''  - 

2.  ag:erentur  The  subjunctive  expresses  their  uncertainty 
as  to  what  might  be  happening.  Quae  auebantur  would  be  a 
dehnite  reference  to  the  facts  known  by  the  historian 

3.  esset,  §420(6).     (R.  750.) 

4.  Inclinata  re,  '  ^hen  the  battle  was  decided.' 

5.  dispulsa  nebula :   concrete   for  abstract ;   cp.  ch.   127 
note  2,  and  ch.  3,  note  6.  ,      f    ^  '•    i^/, 

6.  llquida,  'clear.' 

132.-1.  agmine,  used  of  the  order  of  march,  as  opposed 

2.  super,  *  over  and  above. ' 

3.  fidem  dante=rjr>o///c«?>?^e. 

4.  tradidissent :  in  oratio  recta,  tradideritis :  ch.  84,  note  2. 

5.  Punica  religrione  :  cp.  notes  13  and  14  on  ch.  5. 

133.— 1.   multiplex,  'many  times'  (what  I  have  reckoned). 

2.  facta  traditur,  §  370,  and  ch.  77,  note  10. 

3.  Fabium,  Q.  Fabius  Pictor,  the  father  of  Roman  history, 
who  took  part  in  this  war.  ^ 

4.  captlvorum,  partitive  genitive. 

5.  qui ...  essent,  'any  who  were.' 

6.  Latini  nominls ;  i.e.  not  necessarily  natives  of  Latium 
but  Italians  to  whom  Rome  gave  certain  political  rights. 

7.  segregrata      sepeliri.     We  should  say,  '  to  be  separated 
a/ifl?  buned ':  ch.  124,  note  1.  ^ 

8.  Inquisltum  non  invenit,  '  he  looked  for  hvt  did  not  find.' 
134.-1.  esset,  §  420  (h).     (R.  750.) 

2.  comitium,  the  place  where  magistrates  would   address 
the  people,  adjoining  the  Forum. 

3.  curiam,  where  the  Senate  was  sitting. 

135.— 1.  certius, 'more  definite.' 

2.  suorum,  after  cyinsqne  ;  §  259.     (R.  520.) 

3.  certum  babuit,  'felt  sure.' 

,    136.— 1.  inquisissent.      The    subjunctive    expresses    their 
intention  rather  than  the  fact  that  they  did  so  ;  p.  163,  iv.  2. 


NOTES. 


95 


2.  cerneres,  §  355.     (R.  644.) 

3.  domos,  §  273. 

137^ 1.  praetores,  for  the  consuls  were  not  there. 

2.  resisti,  §299.     (R.  569.) 

133  _1.  propraetore,  the  regular  title  of  a  consul's  dele- 
gate. *  Proconsul  is  the  governor  of  a  province  :  ch.  153,  note  1. 

2.  post  pugiiam...auditam,  concrete  for  abstract:  'after 
the  news  of  the  battle '  :  ch.  3,  note  6. 

3.  circumventa  :  supply  esse. 

4.  priorum  :  i.e.  iachirarum. 

5.  causa,  '  a  malady.' 

6.  sentiretur,  §  467:  dependent  on  exisfimahant  ...aesti- 
mandnm  esse.     So  also  incideref,,  aggravaret,  posseiU. 

7.  viribUB  extenuatis  :  opposed  to  rerum  magnitudine,  '  the 
exhaustion  of,'  etc.  Cp.  ISici/ia  amissa,  ivterfectus  dmninus, 
pugna  audita^  etc.  :  ch.  3,  note  6. 

139  _i.  dictatorem.  The  dictator  was  absolute,  and  super- 
seded'all  other  magistrates.  His  term  of  office  was  limited  to 
six  months,  but  he  usually  resigned  when  the  special  thing 
was  done  for  which  he  was  appointed. 

2.  uno  =  «o/o. 

3.  populus.  Usually  the  Senate  decided  that  a  dictator 
should  be  appointed,  and  a  consul  nominated  the  man.  Here, 
as  the  consul  was  not  present,  they  did  not  venture  to  nominate 
{dicere)  at  all,  but  had  recourse  to  popular  election,  as  for  a 
consul. 

4.  magistrum  equitum  :  nominated  usually  by  the  dictator ; 
he  was  not  really  in  command  of  the  cavalry,  but  simply  second 
in  rank  to  the  dictator. 

5.  negotium  datum =mawd!a<itm. 

6.  firmarent,  §  417  (c). 

7.  videretur,  'seemed  good.' 

8.  dimicandum  esse.,  nequissent.  Indirect  statement  after 
a  verb  to  be  supplied. 

140 1.  We  now  return  to  the  events  in  Spain  of  the  pre- 
vious year,  the  year  in  which  Hannibal  was  crossing  the 
Alps.     An  account  of  these  events  is  a  necessary  part  of  the 


96 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


history  of  the  war,  for  liere  the  Romans  gained  successes 
which  m  some  degree  balanced  the  victories  c^  Hann  S 
1  he  importance  of  the  Spanish  war  cannot  be  estimated  t^ 
high  y  ;  for  by  disputing  the  possession  of  Spain,  the  iSia^ 
deprived  their  enemy  of  his  best  nursery  of  solTersTrom 
which  otherwise  he  would  have  been  able  to  raise  arm;  afte^ 
army  for  the  invasion  of  Italy.  But  its  importance  consisted 
not  so  much  in  tJie  particular  events,  as  in  its  beingTpt\m 

success  oMh^'p  "'"  ^"^ti"-°  '"^"'""f  ^^Pl^nation  in  the 
of  20  mo  ri^n  ^'''S'  Their  army  haS  originally  consisted 
whn?/H^^  i'  f"^/-  '^«»P'«  brought  some  reinforcements; 
while  Hasdrubal  and  Hanno  in  their  two  armies  had  a  force 
not  much  superior  :  hence,  after  the  total  defeat  of  Hanno 

success  FTsr'  Tf  ''^  ^""^^"^  ^''^  ^"^  -han-Cf 
success.      i^or   Spanish   levies   were   now   no    longer   to    l)e 

depended  on,  while  the  Romans  were  inviting  the  nations  of 
Spain  to  leave  the  Carthaginians  and  come  ovfrlo  them  f n 
this  contest  between  the  two  nations,  which  should  most 
influence  the  minds  of  the  Spaniards,  ihe  ascendency  of  t^^^^^ 
drawn"  asTv'""'  "^^^^-'J^^  ^^own  ;  and  the  na^^/es  were 
(Arrid  «m^forvn?p""'H*^  attraction,  to  the  worthier." 
^Arnold,     History  of  Rome,'  vol.  iii.  p.  135  ) 

2.  geruntur,  §  338. 

3.  Cn.  Cornelius  Sclplo,  brother  of  P.  Scipio  the  conmil  wlin 

4.  in  Hispaniam  ...  missus :  see  ch.  53. 

5.  circumvectus  ;  i.e.  by  sea. 

preaicut.     (K.  517.)     Dmo  is  s.\s<,  wrtten  ditio.     A  similar 

(cJ/Jr'cXe^-.  hJ!!"  "".^."^  r^^'^y  '""^^"•'^  '^  ^^"  together' 
S'     in  tt.!  ff  ^  ^  ^""?  together'  or  '  M^in  to  one- 

selt    ,  in  the  latter  meaning  used  either  of  persons  or  things. 

8.  ad,     as  far  as,'  with  rafuit. 

9    ferociores  iam  ;  i.e.  where  they  U^gan  to  be  more,  etc. 

10.  auxlliorum,  used  of  allies  beyond  Italy. 

11.  cohortes.     A  cohort  was  from  3(X)  to  600  men. 

thJ  riV7r!'  '^''  ^''''"  ^"'P^""''  P^'"^  ^^  ''^"^  ''  '«"  the  north  of 


NOTES. 


97 


2.  eundum,  §  382. 

3.  sciret,  §  454.     (R.  718.) 

4.  dimicandum,  §  382. 

5.  magni  certaminis,  §  255  :  *  it  did  not  involve  a  very 
serious  struggle.' 

6.  capiuntur:  Appendix  11 1.  (Synesis).  Ipse  dux  \s  gram- 
matically the  subject.  Observe  the  variation  to  the  historic 
present. 

7.  parvi  iiTetM  =  vifium  :  §  255. 

8.  rerum  . . .  mancipiorum,  depending  on  praeda. 

9.  citra,  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  armies  in  Spain  : 
'on  the  south  of  the  mountains.' 

142  —1.  equitum.  MUle  may  be  used  either  as  an  adjective 
indeci.  or  as  a  substantive  followed  by  genitive.  Millia  is 
always  a  substantive. 

2.  tanquam  occursurus,  like  w5  witli  future  partic.  in  Greek, 
expresses  the  purpose  (ch.  13,  note  4). 

3.  perditas  res  ;  i.e.  that  a  decisive  defeat  had  been  sus- 
tained. 

4.  accepit;  i.e.  '  received  information.' 

5  Tarracons,  situated  on  a  high  rock  near  the  sea,  the 
great  stronghold  of  the  Romans  in  this  war,  as  Carthago  ^ova 
of  their  enemies.     Its  harbour  was  not  very  good. 

6.  ut  ..  creent,  §  415.  The  clause  is  here  in  apposition  to 
quod,  which  is  the  subject  of  the  principal  verb. 

7.  animadvertisset,  'inflicted  punishment.' 

143.  — 1-  imperatis,  in  its  transitive  sense  used  personally 
in  the  passive. 

2  multatos.  The  want  of  a  past  partic.  active  causes  that 
the  passive  partic.  should  be  used  (not  necessarily  as  ablative 
absolute). 

3.  ius,  'the  Roman  authority.' 

144.— 1.  etipsos:  ch.  85,  note  2. 

2.  ad,  '  as  many  as ' ;  the  expression  ad  duodecim  miflia 
being  here  used  as  subject  to  the  verb :  cp.  ch.  148,  near  the 
end. 


3.  dies,  §  278. 


G 


98 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAR. 


4.  quattuor  pedes,  §  283. 

5.  pluteos  :  much  the  same  as  vineae^  but  perhaps  smaller 
and  lighter. 

6.  tutamentum.  The  more  usual  construction  is  dative, 
tutamento,  ^  225. 

7.  fuerit,  §  421. 

8.  deduntur,  like  deditio,  used  of  capitulation. 

145. — 1.  Carthagine  ;  i.e.  Carthago  Nova. 

2.  occurrisset :  subj.,  because  virtually  conditional.  'If 
the  enemy  should  meet  me  either  on  land  or  on  sea,  I  mean 
to  engage  him.'  Si  occurrat,  conjlicturm  sum.  (R.  628.) 
Paratus  coujlitjere  stands  for  the  future  participle.  Here 
the  const^cution  of  tenses  is  historic  ;  hence  occurrisset :  ch. 
84,  note  2. 

3.  minus,  equivalent  to  a  negative. 

4.  BlX&ro  —  seciuido. 

146.— 1.  specula toriae  ;  i.e.  naves. 

2.  nondum  . . .  aperientibus  ;  i.e.  'still  hiding.' 

3.  nihil  minus  =  qnidvis  pot  ins. 

4.  classem  ...  esse,  §  413.  "  In  oblique  narration  the  three 
forms  of  indirect  speech  are  frequently  combined  under  the 
government  of  one  principal  verb." 

147. — 1.  funes,  the  hawsers  attached  to  the  stern. 

2.  resolvunt.  "With  qnnin  the  subjunctive  implies  that 
the  event  exercises  or  might  exercise  an  influence  on  the 
event  named  in  the  principal  sentence"  (R.  722)  :  hence  the 
former  event  must  be  more  or  less  antecedent  to  the  latter. 
Here,  however,  the  action  expressed  by  the  temporal  clause 
is  subsequent  to  conscenderaiU.  The  indicative  is  also  used 
when  the  intention  is  merely  to  mark  the  time,  and  not  to 
indicate  connection.  The  sentence  here  might  have  run 
quu?n  vix  conscendissent . . .  resolvnnt. 

3.  agendo,  etc.,  'by  reason  of  the  hurried  action.' 

4.  miles,  collectively  for  miiites ;  so  perhaps  Bomanus 
below. 

148.— 1.  ipsi  strengthens  snomet,  for  which  see  §  96(a). 
2.  inermes,  from  arma  :  cp.  excepti,  from  capio. 


NOTES. 


99 


3.  suppressae,  'sunk.' 

4.  hostium,  '  in  the  possession  of  the  enemy,*  §  254. 

5.  praetentam.  Prae  in  composition  often  implies  position 
or  motion  along  the  edge  of  a  tiling ;  cp.  praelegere  oram, 
♦  to  coast  along  the  shore ' :  ch.  150. 

6.  religatas  :  cp.  ch.  143,  note  2.  Another  example  is  cap- 
tamque  diripuissent^  ch.  149. 

149.-1.  Carthaginem :  ch.  145,  note  1. 
2.  iniuncta.     No  buildings  ought  to  adjoin  the  walls  of  a 
fortified  ^own. 

150. _1.  transmissum,  §  299.  (R.  569).  Transmittere  is 
often  used  as  an  intransitive  verb. 

2.  in,  '  with  a  view  to.' 

3.  citeriora;  i.e.  from  a  Roman  point  of  view  :  the  part 
called  afterwards  Hispama  cittrior.  Of  course  Spain  was 
not  a  Roman  province  at  this  time,  though  the  vi  or  A  provmcia 
is  used  here. 

4.  populi  ampUus  centum  viginti.  The  omission  of  quam 
yf'ith  plus,  minus,  amplius,  etc.,  is  not  uncommon. 

5.  dicionis  Romanae  :  see  ch.  140,  note  6,  and  ch.  154, 
note  5. 

151  _i  fuisset  per  Poenum  hostem :  a  condition  inform- 
ally expressed.  (R.  642.)  'If  only  the  Carthaginians  had 
been  concerned.' 

2.  novas  res,  'change,'  esp.  of  government;  i.e.  'revolu- 
tion.' 

3.  ut  tumultuariam  manum,  '  being,  as  they  were,  a  mere 
band  of  insurgents.' 

4.  armis,  §  229. 

152. 1.  Novam  classem :    the  name  of  a  place ;   position 

uncertain. 

2.  alio,  adverb. 

3.  avertit :  see  ch.  147,  note  2. 

4.  principes=j[>rj7Ht:  'first  of  the  tribes  in  their  part  of 
the  country.' 

5.  ad  quindecim  millia  :  see  ch.  144,  note  2. 


100 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


153  __1.  prorogate.  The  practice  of  appointing  a  consul 
or  praetor  to  command  in  a  province  after  the  expiration  of 
his  regular  office  soon  after  this  Injcame  general.  He  would 
then  be  called  pro-consul. 

2.  longis  navitous,  'war  ships.'  Oneraria  is  a  merchant 
ship  or  transj)ort. 

3.  tenuit,  'reached.' 

4.  milite :  ch.  147,  note  4. 

5.  occupatis :  ch.  83,  note  3. 

6.  traditos  ;  i.e.  to  the  governor  of  the  town.        , 

7.  custodiri,  §  414  («).     (R.  537.) 

154.— 1.  soUerti  magls  quam  fldeli :  a  mild  description  of 
an  act  of  gross  treaciiery. 

2.  qualia  :  here  =  talia  enim. 

3.  id  agebat,  'he  made  it  his  object.' 

4.  ut ...  esset :  substantival  clause,  because  in  apposition  tc 
wZ,  the  object  of  agehaf,  but  the  vt  has  also  a  final  sense. 

5.  potestatis  eius  :  ch.  140,  note  6. 

6.  unam  . . .  maxime  =  maxiint  omnium. 

155.— 1.  abductum  :  ch.  143,  note  2. 

2.  sit,  §420{/>).     (R.  750.) 

3.  continuisse  :  ch.  146,  note  4. 

4.  abessent,  §  4^7. 

5.  els,  from  the  speaker's  point  of  view  :  S.  of  the  river. 

156. —1.  miranti,  etc.,  after  inqiiit.  The  participles  to  be 
translated  by  clauses. 

2.  quodnam,  §  100  ;  the  adjectival  form. 

3.  credi,  §§  299,  302. 

4.  habita  fides :  '  trust  reposed '  in  a  man :  Jidem  is  the 
'  faithful  service  '  in  n^turn. 

5.  domos,  §  273. 

6.  opera,  '  pains  or  trouble  in  doing '  a  thing. 

7.  suapte,  §  96  (c). 

8.  possim  :  sulx)rdinate  to  the  final  clause,  but  it  might  be 
subj.  in  any  case  :  see  ch,  145,  note  2, 


NOTES. 


101 


157.— 1.  ad  cetera,  etc.,  *  equal  to....'  Certainly  the 
man  acts  with  almost  incredible  folly. 

2.  conventis.  This  verb  is  sometimes  transitive  ;  hence 
its  use  personally  in  the  passive. 

3.  fide  :  promise  of  protection  on  the  one  hand  and  service 
on  the  other. 

4.  cum  iis  ;  i.e.  the  Romans. 

5.  cetera  omnia;  that  is,  they  were  restored  to  their 
families  by  Abelux,  but  in  the  name  of  the  Romans. 

158.— 1.  aliquanto,  §  244. 

2.  in  re  pari  ;  i.e.  bj-^  the  same  action. 

3.  Carthaginiensium.     Supply  gratia. 

4.  fUisset;  i.e.  if  they  had  done  as  they  intended:  so 
potuifiset  in  tiie  next  sentence. 

5.  illos.  lUe  commonly  means  the  former,  hie  the  latter, 
because  the  first  mentioned  is  the  more  distant.  But  here 
the  Carthaginians,  though  mentioned  last,  are  the  more 
distant  in  the  mind  of  the  writer. 

6.  expertos  :  passive,  '  found  by  experience  to  be,'  etc. ; 
fortmia  here  means  '  ill  fortune.' 

7.  baud  frustra,  '  not  without  good  reason' ;  i.e.  the  seces- 
sion of  Abelux,  a  man  of  foresight,  was  taken  as  evidence 
that  the  Romans  were  the  l>etter  allies. 

8.  spectare,  'aim  at,'  §  .372.     (R.  5.39.) 

9.  forent . . .  intervenisset ;  seech.  122,  2.     (R.  638.) 


INDEX  TO  THE  NOTES. 


103 


INDEX  TO  THE  NOTES. 


[In  each  case  the  Number  of  the  Chapter  and  that  of  the  Note  is 

referred  to.] 


A,  62.  4. 

a6,  8.  6. 

ab  ea  parte,  20.  5  :  cp.  40.  2  ; 

64.  4,  etc. 
ahest.  {tantum  abest  ut...iU)y 

127.  1. 
accipere,  50.  1  :  142.  4. 
acicft,  99.  3. 
ad  (to  the  number  of),  46.  2  : 

144.  2. 
ad  wium,  77.  5. 
ad,  with  gerundive,  5.  7  :  21. 

6,  etc. 
ad  verso  Jlumine,  49.  2. 
Aegates  insulae,  16.  1  :  75.  3. 
id  agerCy  154.  3,  4. 
agmen,  60.  3. 
aifai'ia,  2.  3. 
alter,  31.  7  :  65.  10. 
amphora,  110.  10. 
anceps,  1.  6. 

animadvertere  in,  142    7. 
Ariminum,  province  of,  110. 

3. 
at  enim,  74.  4. 
auspicium,  114.  3. 
auxilia,  140.  10. 

Baleares,  99.  4. 
.Bo»i,  44.  1. 


a  (for  Gaius),  103.  5. 

Caere,  108.  9. 

cantus,  50.  4. 

cap<?w,  105.  3:  128. 1 :  cp.  118.7. 

Carthago,  for  C.  Nova,  145.  1 : 

149.  1. 
Carthago  Nova,  38.  1. 
castellnm,  60.  1. 
cavalry,  complement  of,  31. 10. 
censeo,  18.  5. 
circumvectus,  140.  5. 
cU,  citra,  141. 1, 10 :  150. 3,  etc. 
Cn.  (for  Gnaeus),  103.  5. 
cognate  accus.  :  49.  3. 
cohors,  140.  11. 
rolonia,  44.  2. 
comitia,  94.  3. 
comitium,  134.  2. 
commeatus,  39.  3. 
conciliare,  140.  7. 
concrete  for  abstract,  3. 6 :  7-1, 

8:  29.2:  54.4:  127.2,  etc. 
condition,  future,  expr.  by  pri- 
mary tenses  of  subj., 
122.  2. 

,  expr.  by  fut.  partic. 

in  apodosis,  81.  6. 

,  implied,  5. 4 :  158. 4. 

,  indicative  mood  in, 

122.2. 


condition,  informally  ex- 
pressed, 77. 4:  79.  1: 
81.  5:   151.  1. 

,    unfulfilled,  expr.  by 

historic  tenses  of  subj. 
17.  4:  58.  5,  etc. 

,  virtual,  with  relative, 

66.  3 :  145.  2. 

contio,  54.  2. 

convenire,  157.  2. 

dare  stragem,  58.  6. 
deditio,  7.  13 :  cp.  144.  8. 
deducere,  30.  9. 
de  industria,  28.  1  :   123.  3. 
de  integro,  46.  4  :  106.  1. 
deliberative  conjunctive,  20. 8. 
Delta,  57.  1. 
deposcere,  15.  7. 
de^ignatus,  110.  1. 
denpondere  animos,  65.  5. 
dicio  (ditto)  7.  6  :  140.  6. 
dicionift  facer e,  140.  6:  150.  5: 

cp.  154.  5. 
dictator,  1.39.  1,  3. 
in  die^,  92.  1. 
dam,  withpres.  ind.  11.  3:  46. 

5 :  140. 2,  etc. ,  but  cp.  40. 1 . 
dux  (a  guide),  54.  1 :  63.  4. 

ecquis,  77.  2. 
ellipsis,  77.  1. 
emeivius  (pass.),  54.  3. 
ementiri.  111.  1. 
Kryx,  16.  2  :  75.  7. 
et,  que,  etc.,  29.  7. 
evadere  (with  accus.),  59.  5. 
ex  adverao,  49.  1  :  cp.  20.  5. 
excidere  (of  lots),  77.  7. 
exfoedere,  16.  5. 
6xper<?t«  (pass. ),  158,  6. 

Fabiut  Pictor,  133.  3. 


fances,  55.  3. 

ferax,  57.  2. 

feriae  Latinae,  111.  2. 

/erox,  33.  1  :  42.  1. 

Jides,  45.  1  :  156.  4 :  157.  3. 

Flaminius,  110.  5. 
frenati  {eqnites),  86.  3. 
frustra,  158.  7. 
fidgor,  80.  5. 
funis,  147.  1. 

future  partic.  used  condition- 
ally, 81.  6. 

,expr.  purpose,  53. 2: 

142.  3. 

future  subjunctive,  39.  2. 

Gallia  Cisalpina,  31.  9. 
Galliae,  41.  4. 
Gauls,  character  of,  117.  3. 
Genius,  109.  10. 

Hamihar  Barca,  14.  4. 

Hannibal,  1.3:  5.  12. 

Hanno,  14.  1. 

hic...Ule,  12.  9:  158.  5. 

Hispaniae,  41.  4. 

historic  infin.  105.  2  :  158.  8. 

historic  present,  9.  5:  12.  11: 

34.  3,  etc. 
hospitium,  3.  4. 
hostiae  maiores,  109.  6. 
lactentes,  115.  2. 

tV/e,  158.  5. 
imperatus,  143.  1. 
impersonal  use  of  verbs  in  the 

passive,  12.  10  :  19.  2 :  27. 

1,  4  :  34.  1,  etc. 
Indi,  51.  5. 
indigna,  36.  6. 
inermis,  148.  2. 
iniuria,  32.  8. 
idsidere  (with  accus.),  58.  4. 


104 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


inter  .se,  1.  4 :  125.  1. 
ipse,  62.  3  :  85.  2. 
ipse  (as  reflexive),  104.  4. 
iungere  {jlumeu),  8:J.  1. 
ills  (jentium,  15.  5. 
iusta,  32.  1. 

iustum  imperinm,  114.  2. 
inventus,  10.  7. 

lapidihns  jyinere,  108.  8. 
Latinum  nomen,  133.  6. 
lectisterninm,  109.  8. 
m  %f ,  77.  3. 
iegio,  30.  5. 
levy,  .30.  4. 
/t7>ri  Sihyllini,  109.  2. 
lustrare,  109.  5. 
Lulalhis,  C.  32.  10. 

maqister  equitum,  139.  4. 
maior  {natn),  57.  3. 
manes,  14.  3  :   129.  5. 
measure,  ablat.  of,  158.  1. 
mereri,  5.  15. 
mfr'dum.  36.  2 :  57.  4. 
w«7«.s  (collective),  147.  4:  153. 

4  :  cp.  90.  3,  etc. 
mille,  7nilh'a,  142.  1. 
ininux,  145.  3. 
munire  viam,  69.  1. 

navis  lomja,  31.  3  :   153.  2. 

oneraria,  153.  2. 

specnlatoria,  146.  I. 

ne  ...  quidem,  72.  5. 
necessarium,  118.  2. 
A'ova  dassis,  152.  1. 
novae  res,  151.  2. 
novendiale  sacrum,  109.  4. 

oblique  narration,  146.  4. 

,  tenses  in,  19.  3 : 

29.9:  36.5. 
ohtinere,  3.  3:  41.  5:  64.  3. 


occnpatus,  83.  3. 
olive,  63.  2. 
opera,  156.  6. 

participial  construction,  25. 2 : 

156.  1,  etc. 
passus,  9.  3. 
past  participle  active,  want  of 

in  Latin,  7.  12 :  9.  4 :  143. 

2  :   148.  6,  etc. 
patres,  1 10.  6. 
pax,  58.  1. 

]>er  otium.  50.  5  :  99.  2. 
periculnm,  1.  7. 
personal  construction  of  dici- 

tur,etc.,35. 2:  cp.  77.  10. 
piaculum.  18.  6. 
plate i,  144.  5. 
pondo,  109.  7. 
jwfndus,  30.  10. 

(for  retfio),  63.  1. 

potestatem  facere,  84.  3. 
/>ra€  (in  composition),  148.  5. 
praecijntare  (intr. )  46.  1. 
praestare,  57.  6  :  cp.  64.  6. 
pi-iiiceps,5. 1 1 :  (with partitive 

genitive)  152.  4. 
procojisuf,  153.  1. 
prornratio,  85    1. 
f>rodi(fia,  108.  1. 
propraetor,  138.  1. 
proroijare,  153.  1. 
proviuna,  30.  3  :  150.  3. 
pvheres,  27.  2. 
pvhlice  amicus,  23.  1. 
ptdvinar,  108.  5, 
Punica  fides,  5.  13. 
purpose,  13.  4. 

,  expr.  by  fut.  partic. 

53.  2  :  142.  3. 

,  tt^  with  gerundive,  5. 

7:  21.  6,  etc. 
,  causa  with  genit.  83. 2, 


/iVD^X  TO   THE  NOTES. 


105 


qnaestus,  110.  12. 

quality,  genitive  of,  141.  6,  8. 

gnam,  with  superlative,  49. 4 : 

59.  1. 
quam,  omitted,  150.  4. 
.s«?i/  ^?«t,  130.  3. 
quidem,  74.  4. 
quinqutremes,  30.  8. 
(/w^mi  (although),  116.  1. 
qnum  (with  indie),   147.  2: 

152.  3. 
quuin  primiim,  2.  5. 

referre,  114.  1. 

religio,  5.  14. 

res,  142.  2. 

res  Romana,  29.  6. 

rohora  inrorum,  129.  1. 

rtfcre,  21.  8. 

Saquntnm,  4.  3. 

8a^/s,  47.  2. 

secundum,  49.  7. 

semestris  dux,  80.  9. 

siqnum,  46.  6. 

«i7^a;,  84.  8. 

singidi,  48.  3. 

8f;?-<e.s,  108.  10. 

Spain,  war  in,  140.  1. 

spectare,  158.  8. 

specidatoria,  146.  1. 

stoUdxis,  35.  4. 

structure  of  sentences,  124. 1 

133.  7,  8. 


subjunctive  after  quicunque, 

145.  2  :  cp.  156.  1. 
summum,  adverb,  65.  9. 
supplicatio,  30.  12  :   109.  9. 
sujyprimere,  148.  3. 
synesis,  50.  3  :  130.  1 :  141.  7. 

T.  (for  Titus),  30.  1. 
tahts,  68.  7. 
Tarraco,  142.  5. 
temporal  conjunctions,  11.  2. 
Ti.  (for  Tiberius),  30.  1. 
turridus,  74.  7. 
trailcere,  34.  2. 
transmittere.  31.  5  :  37.  3. 
Trebia,  position  of  armies  on, 

89.  6. 
triarii,  129.  6. 
triumviri,  44.  4. 
tumultus,  29.  8  :  98.  1. 
turris  mobilis,  21.  1. 


?f/^ro,  39.  5. 

ar^i?  unum,  77.  5. 

7r;i?<s,  14.  1  :   154.  4. 

«<  (on  condition  that),  4.  1. 

nt  (when),  11.  2. 

ut  (for  a^/eo  ?*/)»  66.  2  :  98.  8. 

utique,  91.  3. 

Verg iliac,  65.  4. 
vigilia,  90.  2. 
vivea,  10.  2. 
vota  susciperCf  109.  11. 


VOCABULARY. 


N.B.— Tho  numbers  attached  to  verbs  indicate  the  conjugation.  The 
numbers  attached  to  other  words  mark  the  declension.  Of  verbs  the 
perfect  and  supine  are  given,  and  occasionally  the  infinitive ;  of  sub- 
stantives the  genitive  case  ;  and  of  adjectives  the  terminations  of  gender 
in  the  nominative,  or,  if  there  is  one  only,  the  genitive. 

Derivations  or  etymological  connexions  are  indicated  by  the  words 
given  in  square  brackets.  The  quantity  of  syllables  is  occasionally 
marked. 

Abbreviations.— a.,  active,  i.e.  transitive  ;  abl.  or  ablat.,  ablative  ;  ace. 
or  accus.,  nccumtii-e  \  adj.,  tuijectioe;  adv.,  adverb;  ch.,  chapter;  cp., 
compare;  compar.,  comparative;  conj.,  conjunction;  dat,  dative;  def., 
defective;  dep.,  deponent;  esp.,  especially;  t,  feminine ;  fr.,  from;  gen., 
genitive;  impers.,  impersonal;  indecl.,  indeclinable;  ind. ,  indicative ;  inf., 
infinitive;  ht.,  literallir,  m. ,  masculDie  ;  n.,  neutt-r  gender  (of  suhstsintivefi), 
neuter,  i.e.  intransitive  (of  verbs);  partic,  participle  ;  perf.,  perfect ;  plur., 
plimil;  prep.,  preposition;  \mm. ,  pronoun  ;  rel.,  relative;  sing. ,  singular ; 
subj.,  subjunctive  ;  superlat.,  sui^erlative  ;  sup.,  supine  ;  v.,  verb;  w.',  with. 


a,  ab  {see  note  6  on  ch.  8), 

prep.   w.    ABL.    (of   place), 

from ;  initiiim  facere  ab,  to 

begin  inith  ;  (of  agent)  bp  ; 

(of  position  or  direction)  in, 

on,  e.g.  a  fronte,  in  front ; 

ab  latere,  on  the  flank, 
ab-nilco,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a  .'J,  fake 

away,  wifJidraw.     [diico.] 
Abelux,  cis,  m.  3,  a  Spaniard 

of  Saguntiun. 
ab  eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  v. 

n.,  go  a^vay.     [eo.] 
ab-ripio,ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 

V.  a.  3,  cai-ry  off.     [rapio.] 
ab-rumpo,   rupi,   ruptum,   v. 

a.  3,  break  aioay.    [rumpo.] 
abs-cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n. 

3,  depart,     [cedo.] 
abs-tineo,  tinui,  tentuni,  v.  a. 

and  n.,  keep  away,   [teneo.] 


ab-sum,  esse,  fui,  v.  n.,  he 
absent,  beivant{ng{^\  DAT.), 
[sum.] 

ab-stlmo,  psi,  ptum,  v.  a.  3, 
carry  away,  destroy,  con- 
sume (of  time),     [sumo.] 

ac,  conj.  (only  before  con- 
sonants), and. 

ac-cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n. 
3,  approach ;  be  added, 
often  impersonal  with 
*quod.'     [ad,  cedo.] 

ac-cendo,  di,  sum,  v.  a  3, 
■sf^t  on  fire,  infiame,  increase. 
[cp.  candeo.] 

ac-cido,  i,  no  sup.,  v.  n.  3, 
arrive,  happen,    [ad,  cado.] 

ac-cipio,  cipgre,  cepi,  ceptum, 
V.  a.  3,  receive^  hear,  [ad, 
capio.] 

ac-cola,    ae,    m.    1,    dweller 


VOCABULARY. 


107 


near{w.  gen.  of  place),  [ad, 
colo.  ] 
acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.  (corn- 
par,  acrior),  sharp,  spirited. 
acervus,  i,  m.  2,  heap. 
acies,  ei,  f.  5,  live  of  battle, 

battle-field. 
acriter,*adv.,  compar.  acrius, 

vigorously. 
actuarius,  a,  um,  adj.  (of  a 
vessel),/or  rowing,  [actus.  ] 
acuo,    ui,    utum,    v.    a.    3, 

sharpen. 

ad,  prep.  w.  acc,  to,  towards, 

for  (of  purpose),  according 

to,  compared  to,  in  addition 

to,  a.9  many  as. 

ad-do,  didi,   ditum,  v.  a.  3, 

add.     [do.] 
ad-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v. 
n.,  approach,  consult,    [eo.] 
ad-haereo,  si,  sum,  v.  n.  2, 

cli7ig  to.     [haereo.] 
ad-hibeo,  ui,  itum,  v.  a.  2, 

apply,     [habeo.] 
ad-hortatio,  onis,  f.  3,  exhor- 
tation, encouragement,  [hor- 

tor.] 
ad-hortor,   atus,   v.    dep.    i, 

encourage,     [hortor.] 
ad-buc,  adv.,  as  yet,  still  (of 

time),     [hue] 
ad-ig^o,  egi,  actum,  v.  a.  3, 

drive,  bind  (by  oath),  [ago.] 
ad-iicio   (or    ad-icio),   ilcere, 

ieci,  tectum,  v.  a.  3,  apply, 

add.     [iacio.] 
ad  imo,  emi,  emptum,  v.  a.  3, 

take  away,     [emo.] 
ad-itus,    us,    m.    4,    vay    oj 

approach,     [ad-eo.] 
*    ad-iuvo,  iuvi,  ifitum,  v.  a.  1, 

assist,     [iuvo.] 


ad-miror,    atus,   v.   dep.    1, 

wonder  at.     [niiror.] 
ad-mitto,  si,  ssum,  v.  a.  3, 

admit,     [mitto.] 
ad-moveo,  movi,  niotum,  v.  a. 

2,  bring  to.     [moveo.] 
ad-orior,  ortus,  v.  dep.,  at- 
tack,    [ad  ;  orior,  lit.  rise 
against. '\ 
ad-5ro,  avi,   atum,   v.   a.   1, 
entreat,    [ad,  oro,  7>my  <o.] 
ad-sum,  esse,  fui,  v.  n.,  he 
present,    hdp    (w.    DAT.), 
[sum.] 
ad  y^bo,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

carry  to,  bring,     [veho.] 
ad-venio,  veni,  ventura,  v.  n. 

4,  arrive,     [venio.] 
ad-ventus,  us,  m.  4,  arrival. 

[ad  venio.] 
ad-versus,  a,  um,  adj.,  op- 
posite, opposing ;  ex  ad- 
verso,  opposite ;  adverso 
flumine,  against  the  stream ; 
adversum  (as  subst.),  mis- 
fortune, [vertc] 
ad-versus,     adv.,      opposite, 

against,     [verto.] 
aed'es,  is,  f.  3,  temple. 
aedifico,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

build,     [aedes.] 
Aegates  (insulae),  ium,  f.  3, 
a  group  of  islands  off  the 
west  coast  of  Sicily, 
aeger,  gra,  grum,  adj.,  ill; 

stijfering. 
aegre,   adv.,   with   difficulty. 
Superl.  aegerrime.   [aeger.] 
aegritudo,   Inis,   f.    3,   gnef. 

[aeger.] 
Aegyptus,  i,  f.  2,  Egypt. 
Aemilius,  ii,  m.  2,  a  Roman 
family  name. 


108 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


agneus,  a,  um,  adj.,  brazen. 

[aes] 
aequaiis,   e,    adj.,   contempo- 
rary.    [ae(|uus.] 
aequo,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 

balance,     [aequus.] 
aequus,  a,  uin,  B-iXy,  favour- 
able. 
aestas,  atis,  f.  3,  mmmer. 
aestimo,  avi,  atmn,   v.  a.    1, 

value,  estimale. 
Afer,  fri,  m.  2,  African. 
af-fectus,   us,    hi.   4,  /eelimj. 

[atiicio.] 
af-fSro,   afferre,    attuli,   alla- 
tnm,  V.  a.,  bring,  bring  for- 
ward,    [ad,  fero.] 
af-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum,  v. 
a.  3,  afect',  crueiatu  afficere, 
to  torture,     [ad,  facio.J 
af-firmo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1. 
ansert,  declare,    [ad,  firnio.  ] 
af-flo,    avi,    atum,    v.    n.    1, 

blow  (upon),     [ad,  flo.] 
af-fulgeo,  Isi,  no  sup.,  v.  n. 
2,     shiw,     appear.       [ad, 
fulgeo.] 
Africa,  ae,  f.  1,  the  continent 

of  Africa. 
Africanus,   i,  m.  2,  the  sur- 
name assumed  by  P.  Cor- 
nelius Scipio  after  the  2nd 
Punic  War. 
ager,  gri,  m.  2,  land,  country, 

territory. 
agr-gravo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
make   worse,    annoy,     [ad, 
gravis.] 
ag-gnredior,  gredi,  gressus,  v. 
dep.   3,    approach,    attack. 
[ad,  gradior.] 
aglto,   avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 
drive,  urge ;  consider,  [ago.  ] 


agrmen,    minis,    n.    3,   troop^ 
army  (in  marching  order) ; 
march,     [ago.] 
agnus,  i,  m.  2,  lamb. 
ago,    egi,    actum,    v.    a.    3, 
drive  ;  do  ;  vineas  age  re,  to 
inore  for  ward  shelters ;  ferre 
et  agere,  to  plunder  (carry 
and  drive  spoil) ;  id  agere 
ut,  to  make  it  an  object  to,  etc. 
agresti8,e,adj. ,  of  the  country. 

[agcr.] 
aio,    V.    def.,    say,    (present 
tense  used  also  as  a  per- 
fect). 
ala,  ae,  f.  1,  ^roo/>  (of  cavalry), 
properly  a  iving,  the  cav- 
alry being  stationed  on  the 
wings  of  the  army, 
al^cer,  cris,  ere,  adj.,  eager, 

readg. 
alacritas,   atis,   f.    3,    eager- 
ness,    [alacer.] 
Algidus,  i,  m.  2,  a  mountain 

near  Rome, 
alia,  adv.,  by  another  way. 
alieno,    avi,    atum,    v.   a.    I, 
surrender,  lose,    [alienus.] 
alienus,  a,  um,  adj.,  belong- 
ing to  another,  not  one's  own. 
[alius.] 
Alimentus,  i,  m.  2,  L.  Cincivs 
Aliment  us,  a  Roman  taken 
prisoner  by  Hannibal,  who 
recorded  events  in  the  2nd 
Punic  War. 
aliquam-diu,   adv..  for  some 

time,     [diu.] 
aliquanto,  adv. ,  considerably. 

[aliquantus.] 
aliquantum,    i,   n.   2,   a  con- 
siderable amount,  [aliquan- 
tus. j 


VOCABULARY. 


109 


aliquis,   quid,   indef.    pron., 

some,     [alius,  quis.] 
aliquot,    adj.    indecl.,    some 

(plur.).     [alius,  quot.] 
aliquoties,   adv.,    sometimes. 

[alius,  quoties.] 
alio,  adv.,  in  another  direc- 
tion,    [alius.] 
alius,  a,  ud,  adj.,  other;  alii 

..  alii,  some  ...  others. 
Allobrox,     gis     (plur.     AUo- 
brSges,    um),    m.    3,   Allo- 
brogian.     See  Map. 
al-loquor,  locutus,  v.  dep.  3, 

address,     [ad,  loquor.] 
aio,  ui,  turn,  V.  a.  3,  support 

(with  food). 
Alorcus,  i,  m.  2,  the  name  of 

a  Spaniard. 
Alpes,    ium,    f.    plur.    3,    the 

Alps. 
altaria,    ium,    n.    plur.   3,  a 

high  altar,     [altus.] 
alte,  adv.,  deeply,     [altus.] 
alter,    a,    um,    adj.,    one   (of 
two) ;  the  other  (of  two)  ;  a 
second  (numeral). 
altitudo,    inis,    f.    3,    height. 

[altus.] 
altum,  i,  n.  2,  the  deep  (sea)  ; 

deep  water,     [altus.] 
altus,  a,  um,  adj.,  high,  deep. 
alumnus,  i,  m.  2,  foster-s  >n. 

[alo.  ] 
alveus,  i,  m.  2,  trough,   bed 

(of  a  river), 
ambitus,    us,    m.    4,   circuit. 

[ambio.] 
ambo,  ae,  o,  adj.  plur.,  both. 
amicus,     i,     ni.     2,    friend. 

[amo.] 
Amiteminus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of 
Amitemum,  a  town  of  the 


Sabines  at  the  foot  of  the 
Apennines, 
a-mitto,  misi,  missum,  v.  a. 

3,  lose,     [mitto.] 
amnis,  is,  vn.  3,  river. 
amphora,   ae,  f.    1,  a  liquid 
measure,  equal  to  six  gal- 
lons, 
amplexus,  us,  m.  4,  embrace. 

[amplector.] 
amplius,   adv.,   more,      [am- 
pins.] 
amplus,  a,  um,  adj.,  large. 
Amusicus,  i,  m.  2,  the  name 

of  a  Spanish  chieftain. 
an,    conj.,    or,    or    ivhether ; 
used   also   to   introduce  a 
direct   question,   in  which 
case  it  need  not  be  trans- 
lated. 
anceps,   cipitis,   adj.,  doubt- 
ful,      [anibo,    caput,    tioo- 
headed.  ] 
ancora,  ae,  f.  1,  anchor. 
ancorSJe,    is,     n.     3,     cable. 

[ancora.] 
angulus,  i,  m.  2,  corner. 
angustiae,  arum,  f.  1  (plur.), 
narrow  pass,    defle.     [an- 
gustus.] 
angustus,  a,  um,  adj.,  nar- 
row,    [ango,  /  draw  tight.] 
anima,  ae,  f.  1,  breath. 
anim-ad-verto,  ti,  sum,  v.  a. 
3,  observe ;   animadvertere 
in,  to  punish,    [animus,  ad, 
verto.] 
animans,   ntis,   partic.    used 
as  subst.,  living  being,  m. 
of  men,  n.  of  beasts, 
animus,  i,  m.  2,  spirit,  cour- 
age,    [cp.  anima.] 
annus,  i,  m.  2,  year. 


110 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAll 


ante,  prep.   \v.  acc,  before^ 

in  front  of. 
ante,  adv.  (of  time),  before. 

Sei'  also  ante({uain. 
ante-quam,  con]. ,  before  {-with 

a    verb) ;    also    separated, 

ante  ...  quam. 
antiquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ancient. 

[ante.] 
Antistius,  ii,  m.  2,  a  Roman 

plebeian  name, 
aperio,  ui,  turn,  v.  a.  4,  open, 

display. 
apertum,  i,  n.  2,  open  ground. 

[aperio.  ] 
apertus,   a,    um,    paitic.    of 

aperio,  exposed,  open. 
apis,  is,  f.  3,  bee. 
apparatus,  us,  m.  4,  gettimj 

ready,     [ad,  paro.] 
ap  pareo,  ui,   Itum,  v.  n.  2, 

appear,    be    evident,     [ad, 

pareo.  ] 
ap-pello,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

call  (by  a  name), 
ap  pello,  puli,  pulsum,  v.  a. 

3,  hrin/j  to  shore,   [ad,  pello.  ] 
Appennlnus,    i,    m.    2,     the 

Apennine  mountain  range. 

See  Map. 
ap-p6to,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v.  n. 

and  a.  3,  approach,  attack. 

[ad,  pello.] 
ap  propinquo,  avi,  atum,  v. 

n.    1  ( w.    DAT. ),   approach. 

[ad,  propinquus.] 
apricus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  sunny. 

[aperio.] 
apto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  get 

ready,     [aptus.] 
aptus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ft,   pre- 

jxired. 
&pud,    prep.    w.   accus.  ,    in 


presence  of;  to  (of  address), 

among. 
aqua,  ae,  f.  1,  water. 
arbiter,  tri,  m.  2,  umpire. 
arbitrium,  ii,  n.  2,  decision^ 

power,     [arbiter.] 
arbor,  is,  f.  3,  tree. 
arceo,    ui,  no  sup.,   v.   a.   2, 

keep   away,   order  to   stay 

away. 
ar-cesso,   ivi,   itum,  v.  a.   3, 

send  for.     [ad,  cede] 
ardeo,  arsi,  arsum,   v.   n.   2, 

be  on  fire. 
ardor,  is,  m.  3,  heat,  excite- 
ment,    [ardeo.] 
argentum,    i,    n.    3,     silver ^ 

money. 
aries,  ietis,  m.  3,  raw,  batter- 
ing-ram. 
Arimlnum,  i,  n.  2,  Rimini,  a 

town    in    Umbria   on   the 

shore  of  the  Adriatic, 
arma,    oriim,    n.    2    (plur.), 

arms  (military), 
armatus,  i,  m.  2,  armed  men. 

[armo.  ] 
armatura,  ae,  f.  1,  collective, 

armed  soldiers  (with   adj. 

levis,  light-armed  soldiers). 

[armo.] 
armi-g^er,  geri,  m.  2,  shield- 
bearer,   attendant,     (arma, 

gero. ) 
Amus,  i,  m.  2,  the  river  Arno, 

in  Etruria. 
Arretium,  ii,  n.  2,  Arezzo,  a 

town  in  Etruria. 
ar-rigo,  rexi,  rectum,  v.  a.  3, 

excite,     [ad,  rego.] 
ar-ripio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 

v.  a.  3,  seize,     [ad,  rapio.] 
ars,  tis,  f.  3,  skilly  stratagem. 


VOCABULABY. 


Ill 


artiis,     uuni,    ni.    4    (plur.), 

limbs. 
artum,  i,  n.  2,  narrow  place. 

[artus,  7^arrow^] 
arx,    cis,    f.    3,     stronghold. 

[arceo.  ] 
a-scendo,  di,  sum,  v.  n.,  climb 

up.     [ad,  scando.] 
a-scensus,   us,   m.   4,   ascent. 

[ascendo.  ] 
asper,  era,  erum,  adj.,  rough. 
a-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 
turn,    V.    a.    3,   look  upon. 

[ad,  specie] 
as-sfiquor,   secutus,   v.   dep., 

overtake,     [ad,  sequor.] 
as-signo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

allot,     [ad,  signo,  mark  out 

for.] 
as-surgo,  surrexi,  surrectum, 

V.  n.  3,  rise  up.   [ad,  surgo.  ] 
at,  conj.,  but ;  at  enim,  but  it 

may  be  objected. 
Atilius,   ii,    m.    2,   a   Roman 

name. 
atque,  conj.,  and  also. 
atrOcitas,  atis,  f .  3,  ferceness. 

[atrox.] 
atrOciter,       adv.,      fiercely. 

[atrox.] 
atrox,  ocis,  adj.,/erce. 
auctor,  is,  m.  3,  cawse  (used 

of   persons)  ;    perpetrator  ; 

witness,    authority     (for    a 

statement),     [augeo.] 
auctoritas,  atis,    f.    3,  judg- 
ment,    [auctor.] 
audacia,   ae,   f.    1,    boldness. 

[audax.] 
audacius,   adv.,    compar.    of 

audacter. 
audacter,  adv.,  boldly,     [au- 
dax.] 


audeo,  an  sus  sum,  v.  n.  2, 

dare. 
audio,  ivi,  itum,  v.  a.  4,  hear. 
au-fgro,   ferre,  abstuli,  abla- 

tum,  V.  a.,  take  away,  [ab, 

fero.  ] 
augeo,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  2,  m- 

crease. 
auris,  is,  f.  3,  ear. 
aurum,  i,  n.  2,  gold. 
Ausetanus,  i,  m.  2,  name  of  a 

people  near  the  foot  of  the 

Pyrenees.     [Ausa,  a  town 

in  Spain.] 
au  spicium,   ii,   n.  2,  omen-, 

divine  sanction,  obtained  by 

a     magistrate     on     taking 

office  by  performing  certain 

rites,     [avis,  specie] 
aut,  conj.,  or. 
autem,  conj.,  but. 
auxiliares,  ium,  m.  3  (plur.), 

auxiliary     troops.       [aux- 

ilium.] 
auxillum,  ii,  n.  2,  help  ;  aux- 

ilia(plur. ),  auxiliary  troops. 
a-vello,  velli,  vulsum,  v.  a.  3, 

tear  away,     [a,  vello.] 
Aventinus,   i,   m.   2,    Mount 

Arentine  at  Home. 
a-verto,  ti,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  tium 

away,  drive  back,  [a,  verto.  ] 
avidXtas,  atis,  f.  3,  greediness. 

[avidus.] 
avidus,    a,    um,    adj.,    eager 

(for),  w.  GEN.     [aveo.] 

Baliares,  ium,  m.  3  (plur.), 
natives  of  the  Balearic 
islands  off  the  east  coast  of 
Spain,  used  as  slingers  in 
Hannibal's  army. 

barbarus,  i,  m.  2,  a  native  (of 


112 


THE  IIANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


an  uncivilized  country,  e.g. 
Spain). 

Bargiisii,  orum,  m.  2(plar. ), 
a  tribe  in  tiie  N.  K.  of  Spain. 

bellicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  war. 

bellum,  i,  n.  2,  vmr. 

belua,  ae,  f.  1,  a  gnat  heanl. 

b^ne,  adv.,  mdl.     [bonus.] 

beneflcium,  ii,  n.  2,  kinduesH. 
[bene,  facio.] 

benig^ne,  adv.,  kindly,  [be- 
nign us.  ] 

biduum,  i,  n.  2,  a  period  of 
two  days,     [bis,  dies.] 

binl,  ae,  a,  adj.  (plur.),  two 
for  each,     [bis.] 

bis,  adv.,  t trice. 

boarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  cattle; 
forum  boarium,  the  cattle 
market,  at  Rome. 

Boli,  orum,  m.  2  (plur.),  a  tribe 
of  (iauls  in  Nortii  Italy. 

Bomilcar,  is,  m.  3,  a  Cartha- 
ginian name. 

bonus,  a,  um,  adj.,  good  ; 
bona,  n.  plur.,  as  subst., 
advantages. 

bos,  1)6 vis,  m.  f.  3,  o.r,  cow. 

Bostar,  is,  m.  3,  the  Cartha- 
ginian commandant  of  Sa- 
guntum. 

brevis,  e,  adj.,  short. 

bruma,  ae,  f.  1,  the  winter 
solstice  (Dec.  21st),  winter. 
fbrevis,  because  of  tiie  short 
days.] 

Brundisinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of 
Brundisiuni  (Brindisi),  a 
town  in  the  S.  E.  of  Italy. 

C,  abbreviation  for  Gaius,  a 
Roman  name  :  see  note  5 
on  ch.  103. 


cacumen,  inis,  n.  3,  peak  (of 

a  iiill). 
cado,  cecidi,  casum,  v.  n.  3, 

fall. 
caecus,  a,  um,  adj.,  blind. 
caedes,    is,    f.    3,   slaughter. 

[caedo.] 
caedo,  cecidi,  caesum,  v.  a.  3, 

rut  to  pieces,  kill.     [cado.  ] 
caelum,  i,  n.  2,  sky. 
caementum,    i,    n.    2,   hewn 

stone,     [caedo.  ] 
Caere,  n.   indecl.,  a  city  of 

Etruria. 
calcar,  is,  n.  3,  spur,      [calx, 

a  heel.] 
caligo,    Inis,    f.    3,    darkness, 

mist. 
callidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  crafty. 

[calleo.] 
calor,  is,  m.  3,  heat,    [caleo.] 
calx,  Icis,  f.  3,  lime. 
campus,  i,  m.  2,  plain. 
candldus,  a,  um,  adj.,  white. 

[candeo.  ] 
cantus,  us,  m.  4,  chant,  song. 

[cano.  ] 
capesso,  ivi,  itum,   v.   a.    3, 

undertake,  attempt,  [capio. ) 
capio,  cap6re,  cepi,  captum, 

v.  a.  3,  capture,  take,  hold, 

stop  ;    also   in   passive   (of 

physical  powers),fee«yM?vrf: 

captus  oculis,  depHved  of 

eyesight. 
captivus,  i,  m.  2,  prisoner ; 

also     as     adj.,     captured. 

[capio.  ] 
caput,    capitis,    n.    3,    head, 

capital  (town), 
carina,  ae,  f.  1 ,  keel  (of  a  ship). 
Carpet&ni,  orum,  m.  2  (plur.), 

a  people  of  Spain. 


VOCABULABY. 


113 


Cartala,  ae,  f.   1,  a  town  in 

Spain. 

Carthaginiensis,  e,  adj.,  Car- 
thaginian ;  Carthaginienses 
(as  subst.),  Carthaginians. 

Carthago,  Tnis,  f.  3,  Carthage. 

Carthago  Nova,  f.,  Cartagena 
on  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Spain. 

cams,  a,  um,  adj.,  dear, 
valuable. 

castellum,  i,  n.  2,  fortress, 
fortified  village,    [castrum.] 

castra,  orum,  n.  2  (plur.), 
camp. 

Castulonensis,  e,  of  Castulo. 
[Castulo.] 

casus,  us,  m.  4,  accident,  mis- 
fortune,    [cado.  ] 

catapulta,  ae,  f.  1,  cataprdt, 
an  engine  for  throwing 
stones,  javelins,  etc. 

causa,  ae,  f.  1,  cause;  abl., 
causa,    on    account    if,    w. 

GEN. 

cavo,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 

hollow  out.     [cavus.  ] 
cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n.  3, 

retreat,  loithdraw. 
celox,   cis,    f.    3,   swift -sailing 

ship,  critter. 
Celtiberi,  orum,  m.  2  (pi.),  a 

people  of  the  N.  E.  of  Spain. 
Celtiberla,  ae,  f.  1,  a  district 

in  Spain. 
Celtibericus,     a,     um,     adj., 

Celtiberian. 
Cenomani,  orum,  m.  2  (plur.), 

a  tribe  of  Gauls  in  North 

Italy, 
censeo,  ui,  um,  v.  a.  2,  rote. 
centeni,  ae,  a,  numeral  adj., 

a  hundred  of  each,  [centum.] 


Centenius,  ii,  m.  2,  a  Roman 

name, 
centum,  indecl.,  a  hundred. 
cerno,  crevi,  cietum,  v.  a.  3, 

see. 
certS,men,  inis,  n.  3,  contest. 

[certo.] 
certe,  adv.,  certainly,  in  any 

case,     [certus.] 
certo,    avi,    atum,    v.   n.    1, 

CO  Ji  tend. 
certus,   a,   um,    adj.,    clear, 

fixed  ;  cei  tiorem  facere,  to 

inform. 
ceterum,  conj.,  but ;  lit.  for 

(he  rest,     [ceterus.] 
ceterus,  a,  um,  adj.,  the  rest. 
cibus,  i,  m.  2,  food. 
Cincius,  ii,  m.    2,  a  Roman 

name, 
circa,  adv.,  round. 
circum,  prep.  w.  acc.  ,  round. 
circum,  adv.,  round. 
circum  do,  dedi,  datum,  v.  a. 

1,  surround,     [do.] 
circum-duco,    duxi,    ductum, 

V.  a.  3,  lead  round,    [duco.] 
circum-fero,  ferre,tuli,  latum, 

V.  a.,  turn  round,     [fero.] 
circum-fundo,  ffidi,  fusum,  v. 

a.  3,  j^our  round,  encircle  ; 

also  reflexive  in  passive,  to 

gather  round. 
circum-iicio,  iicere,  ieci,  iec- 

tum,  v.  a.  3,  throw  round  ; 

in  passive,  lie  round,  [iacio.] 
circum-padanus,  a,  um,  adj., 

routid  the  Padus.     [Padus.] 
circum-scribo,   psi,   i)tum,  v. 

a.  3,  limit,  confine,   [scribo.] 
circum -sedeo,  sedi,  sessum,  v. 

a.  2,  blockade  (of  an  army). 

[sedeo.] 


H 


l\ 


114 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JVAK 


clrcum-specto,  avi,  atum,  v. 
a.  1,  look  about y  search  for. 
[spec  to.] 

circum-spicio,  spexi,  speetum, 
V.  a.  3,  examine,     [specio.] 

circum-sto,  steti,  v.  n.  1, 
stand  round,     [sto.] 

circum-veho,  vexi,  vectiini, 
V.  a.  3,  carrif  round  ;  in 
passive,  sail  roundy  ride 
round,     [veho.] 

circuin-vSnio,  veni,  ventnm, 
V.  a.  3,  surround^  defeat. 
[venio.] 

ds,  prep.  w.  Acc.,  on  the 
nearer  side  of  \  '  cis  Hi- 
benim  '  means  either  N.  or 
S.  of  the  river,  ac(;ording 
as  the  narrative  is  written 
from  a  Roman  or  a  Cartha- 
ginian standpoint. 

Cisalpinus,  a,  iini,  adj.,  o?i 
this  side  of  the  Alps,  i.e. 
nearer  to  Rome.  [cis, 
Alpes.] 

Cissis,  is,  f.  3,  a  town  in 
Spain. 

citatus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  hurried. 
[cito.] 

citerior,  us,  adj.  (compar. 
from  eiter),  nearer. 

eitius,  compar.  of  cito. 

cito,  adv.,  quickly. 

citra,  prep.  w.  acc,  on  the 
nearer  side  of  (see  cis) ;  also 
used  as  adverb. 

civilis,  e,  adj.,  of  a  citizen,  of 
peace,    [civis.] 

civis,  is,  m.  3,  citizen^  fellow- 
countryman  ;  Roman  citizen, 
as  opposed  to  the  allies. 

civitas,  atis,  f.  3,  state, 
country,     [civis.] 


clades,    is,    f.     3,    disoMer, 

slaughter. 
clam,  adv.,  secretly,     [celo.] 
clamo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  and 

n.  1.  exclaim,  proclaim. 
clamor,  oris,  m.  3,  shout,  ay. 

[clamo.] 
classicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  the 

jieet ;     classicus    miles,    a 

marine. 
classis,  is,  f.  ^,  fleet  (of  ships). 
Claudius,  ii,  m.  2,  a  Roman 

name, 
claudo,  si,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  shut  in. 
claudus,  a,  um,  adj.,  lame. 
Clemens,  tis,  adj.,  kind. 
dementia,  ae,  f.  1,  kindness, 

humanity. 
clivus,  i,  m.  2,  hill. 
Cn.,  alobreviation  for  Gnaens. 

See  note  5,  ch.  103. 
co-acervo,   avi,  atum,    v.   a. 

1,    heap    together.      [cum, 

acervus.] 
coepi,  isse,  ptum,  v.  a.  3  (no 

present  tense  in  use),  heqin ; 

used  in  passive   when  fol- 
lowed by  passive  infinitive, 
co-gnosco,  novi,  nitum,  v.  a. 

3,  fnd  out,    hear,     [cum, 

gnosco.  ] 
co-go,  co-egi,  co-actum,  v.  a. 

3,  collect y  keep  together,  com- 
pel,    [cum,  ago.] 
co-hibeo,  ui,  itum,  v.    a.   2, 

keep  together,  check,    [cum, 

habeo.  ] 
cobors,   tis,    f.    3,   cohort,  a 

division  of  from  300  to  600 

men. 
col-lega,  ae,  m.   1,  colleague, 

partner  (in  office),     [cum, 

lego.] 


VOCABULARY. 


115 


col-ligo,   legi,    lectum,   v.    a. 

3,  gather  together,  acquire. 

[cum,  lego.] 

collis,  is,  m.  3,  hill. 

colloquium,  ii,  n.  2,  parley, 

conversation,  [cum, loquor.] 

colo,  ui,  cultum,  v.  a.  and  n. 

3,  dwell,  inhabit. 
colonla,    ae,    f.     1,    colony, 

settlement,     [colonus.] 
com-itium,  ii,  n.  2,  the  place 
of  assembly  for  electi(»ns  at 
Rome  ;  comitia  (plur. ),  the 
elections,     [cum,  eo.] 
comltor,  atus,  v.  dep.    1,  ac- 
company,    [comes.] 
com-meatus,   us,  m.  4,  leave 
of    absence ;     supplies    (of 
provisions,     etc. ).       [cum, 
meo.] 
com-modus,  a,  um,  adj.,  con- 
venient,    [cum,  modus.] 
com-moveo,  mOvi,  motum,  v. 

a.  2,  more,     [moveo.] 
com-munio,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v. 

a.  A,  fortify,     [munio.] 
communis,  e,  adj.,  common, 

combined,     [cum,  munis.] 
com-paro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

get  ready,     [cum,  paro.] 
com-pello,   puli,   pulsum,   v. 
a.  3,  dHve.     [cum,  pello.] 
com-peto,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v. 
n.  3,  be  sufficient,  be  capable. 
[cum,  peto.] 
com-plector,  plexus  sum,  v. 
dep. ,    embrace,    surround. 
[cum,  plecto.] 
com-pono,  sui,  situm,  v.  a.  3, 

arrange,     [cum,  pono.] 
com-prehendo   (com  prendo), 
di,    sum,    v.    a.    3,   seize. 
[cum,  prehendo.] 


con-c6do,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n. 

3,  retire,     [cum,  cedo.] 
con-cieo,  civi,  cTtum,  v.  a.  2, 

rouse,  stir  up.    [cum,  cieo.] 
con-cilio,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

gain,  win  over. 
con-cilium,  ii,  n.  2,  assembly. 
con-cipio,    cipere,   cepi,   cep- 

tum,  V.  a.  3,  take  up. 
con-cr^mo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a. 

1,  bum.     [cum,  cremo.] 
con-cretus,  a,  um  (partic.  of 

concresco),co»»,7ea^ec/.  [cum, 

cresco.] 
con-curro,   curri,  cursum,  v. 

n.  3,  meet,  engage  in  battle 

(w.  DAT.),     [cum.  curro.] 
con-cursus,    us,    m.   4,    con- 
course, attack,    [con-curro.] 
condicio,  nis,  f.  3,  condition 

(of  a  treaty). 
con-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  collatum, 

V.  a.,   bring  together,  com- 
pare,    [cum,  fero.] 
con-fertus,  a,  um  (partic.  of 

confercio),     close    packed. 

[cum,  farcio.] 
con-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum, 

V.    a.    3,   accomplish,    wear 

Old,  destroy,     [cum,  facio.] 
con-fligo,  xi,  ctum,  v.  n.  3, 

flght.     [cum,  fligo.] 
con-fiuo,  xi,  no  sup.,  v.  n.  3, 

flow  together,     [cum,  fluo.] 
con-fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  v.  n. 

3,  fly  for  refuge,      [cum, 

fugio.] 
con-gero,  gessi,  gestum,  v.  a. 

3,  gather  together,      [cum, 

gero.] 
con-globo,   avi,   atum,   v.    a. 

1,   collect   together,     [cum ; 

globus,  a  ball.] 


116 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


con-gredior,    gredi,    gressus, 

V.     dep. ,     meet.         [cum, 

gradior.] 
con-iicio,    iieere,    iectnm,    v. 

a.  3,  throw,  throw  together. 

[cum,  iacio.] 
con-iungo,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

join  tof/efhcr.    [cum,  iuugo. ] 
con-iunx,  iugis,  m.  and  f.  3, 

Jiushaiuiy  wife,    [coniungo.  ] 
Conor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  try. 
con-scendo,  di,  sum,  v.  a.  3, 

dimh  up,  embark  in.  [cum, 

scando.  ] 
con-scribo,  psi,  ptum,  v.  a.  3, 

enrol,  enlist,    [cum,  scribo.] 
con  sensus,  us,  m.  4,  a/free 

ment,     unanimity.      [cum, 

sentio.] 
consequor,  secutus,  v.  dep. 

3,  follow,   pursue,      [cum, 

seqnor.] 
con-s6ro,    ui,    turn,   v.   a.    3, 

join ;    conserere   manus  or 

pugnam,  to  join  battle,  en- 

(jaije.     [cum,  sero.] 
con-sido,  sedi,   sessum,  v.  n. 

3,  take  up  position,     [cum, 

side] 
con-silium,    ii,    n.    2,    skill, 

prudence,  plan  ;  council  (of 

war). 
con-sisto,  stiti,  stltuni,  v.  n. 

3,  take  one's  stand,  come  to 

a    standstill,    stop,     [cum, 

sisto.] 
consdlor,    atus,    v.   dep.    1, 

conifort.     [cum,  solor.] 
con-spectus,  us,  m.  4,  siijht, 

vieiv.     [cum,  specio.] 
con-spicio,      spicere,      spexi, 

spectum,  V.  a.  3,  see.    [cum, 

specie] 


con-stans,  tis,  adj.,  steady, 
routinuiwj.     [cum,  sto.] 

con-stemo,  stravi,  stratum, 
V.  a.  3,  spread  over,  otyer- 
throw.     [cum,  sterno.] 

con-stituo,  ui,  utum,  v.  a.  3, 
iletermine.     [cum,  statuo.] 

con-sto,  stiti,  statum,  v.  u.  1, 
used  impersonally ;  con- 
stat, it  is  atjreed,  it  is  cer- 
tain,    [cum,  sto.] 

con-suesco,  suevi,  suetum,  v. 
n.  3,  he  accustomed,  [cum, 
sueo.] 

consul,  is,  m.  3,  consul.  See 
Introd    pp.  xiv.  and  xv. 

consularis,  e,  adj.,  of  the  con- 
sul, for  the  election  of  con- 
suls,    [consul.  ] 

consulatus,  us,  m.  4,  cons^d- 
ship     [consul.] 

consulo,  ui,  tum,  v.  a.  and  n. 
3,  deliberate,  consult. 

consulto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
deliberate  about,    [consulo.] 

con-temno,  mpsi,  mptuni,  v. 
a.  3,  despise,    [cum,  tetnno.] 

con-temptus,  us,  ra,  4,  con- 
tempt,    [contemnc] 

con-tendo,  di,  tum,  v.  n.  3, 
exert  oneself ,  hasten,  [cum, 
tendo.  ] 

con-tignatio,  onis,  f.  3,  story 
(of  a  house).  [cum;tignum, 
a  beam.] 

con-tinens,  tis,  f.  3,  main- 
land,    [cum,  teneo.] 

con-tineo,   ui,   tentum,   v.   a. 

2,  hold  together,   restrain. 
[cum,  teneo.] 

con-tingo,  tigi,  tactum,  v.  a. 

3,  touch,  reach  to  ;  happen. 
[cum,  tango.] 


VOCABULARY. 


117 


contio,    nis,    f.    3,    assembly, 

speech,     [cum,  venio.] 
contra,  prep.  w.  acc.  ,  against, 

opposite. 
contra,    adv.,    on    the    other 

hand. 
con-traho,  traxi,  tractum,  v. 

a.  3,  draw  together,  collect. 

[cum,  traho.] 
con-tundo,  tudi,  tusum,  v.  a. 

3,  bruise,     [cum,  tundo.] 
con-vello,    velli,    vulsum,    v. 

a.  3,  pluck  up;   convellere 

signa,  to  pluck  up  the  stan- 
dards, i.e.  decamp,     [cum, 

vello.] 
con-venio,  veni,    ventum,  v. 

a.    and    n.   4,   meet,   come 

together,     [cum,  venio.] 
con-verto,  ti,   sum,  v.  a.   3, 

turn,  change.    [cum,verto.] 
con-voco,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

call  together,     [cum,  voco.] 
co-orior,  ortus,  v.  dep.,  rise 

up,  begin,     [cum,  orior.] 
copia,  ae,  f.  I, plenty,  supply; 

in  plur.  means,  troops. 
copulo,    avi,    atum,  v.   a.    1, 

join,     [copula.  ] 
Cornelius,  ii,  m.  2,  name  of 

a  celebrated  Roman  clan, 

to     which     belonged     the 

family    of     Scipio    among 

others, 
comu,   us,  n.   4,   horn,  wing 

(of  an  army), 
corona,  ae,  f.  1,  wreath. 
corpus,  oris,  n.  3,  body. 
cor-rumpo,  rupi,  ruptum,  v. 

a.  3,  destroy  ;  bribe,    [cum, 

rumpo.] 
cor-ruo,    rui,   v.    n.    3,  fall. 

[cum,  ruo.] 


Corsi,    orum,    m.    2    (plur.), 
Corsicans. 

Cortona,  ae,  f.  1,  a  town  of 
Etruria.     ^^e  Map. 

Cortonensis,  e,  adj.,  of  Cor- 
tona. 

corvus,  i,  m.  2,  raven. 

cre-do,  didi,  ditum,  v.  n.  3, 
believe,  trust  (w.  DAT. ).  [do.] 

Cremdna,  ae,  f.  1,  a  town  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul.     See  Map. 

creo,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.     1, 
make,  appoint  (to  an  office). 

cresco,  crevi,  cretum,  v.    n. 
3,  grow,  increase. 

cruciatus,  us,  m.  4,  torture. 
[crucio.] 

crudelis,  e,  adj.,  crud.    [cru- 
dus.] 

crudelitas,  atis,  f.  3,  cruelty. 
[crudelis.] 

cruentus,  a,  um,  adj. ,  bloody. 
[cp.  cruor.] 

cruor,  oris,  m.  3,  blood. 

cubile,  is,  n.  3,  bed.     [cubo.] 

culpa,  ae,  f.  \,faidt. 

cultor,  oris,  m.  3,  inhabitant. 
[colo.] 

cultus,  us,  m.  4,  habitation, 
cultivation,     [colo.] 

cum,  prep.  w.  abl.,  with, 
together  with ;  written  after 
its  case  with  personal  pro- 
nouns— mecum,  tecum,  se- 
cum,  nobiscum,  vobiscum. 
In  compound  words  the 
form  '  com  '  or  '  con '  is 
always  used. 
cumulo,  avi,   atum,  v.  a.    1, 

heap  up. 
cumiilus,  i,  m.  2,  heap. 
cunctanter,      adv.,      slowly. 
[cunctor.] 


118 


TEE  HANNIBALIAN  fFAB. 


cunctatio,  onis,  f.  3,  delay, 
hesitation,     [cunctor.] 

cunctus,  a,  um,  adj.,  all,  the 
whole,     [con-iuiictus.  ] 

cupido,  Tnis,  f.  3,  desire,  am- 
bition,    [cupio.  ] 

cupldus,  a,  uni,  adj.,  desirous, 
(w.  GEN.),     [cupio.] 

cur,  adv.,  ivhy  (in  interroga- 
tive). 

cura,  ae,  f.  1,  thought,  care. 
[qiiaero.] 

curia,  ae,  f.  1,  senate  house. 

curro,  cucurri,  cursam,  v.  n. 

3,  run. 

cursus,     us,    m.    4,    course. 

[curro.] 
custodia,  ae,  f.    1  (generally 

in  plur.),  guards,  sentinels. 

[custos.] 
custodio,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v.  a. 

4,  gvjard.     [custos.] 
custos,    udis,    m.    3,    guard, 

keeper. 

Dasius,  ii,  m.  2,  name  of  the 
commandant  of  Clastidium. 

de,  prep.  w.  abl.  ,  from,  con- 
cerning, over  (of  a  victory). 

debilis,  e,  adj.,  feeble,  [de, 
habilis.] 

decern,  numeral  indecl.,  ten. 

decemviri,  orum,  m.  2  (plur. ), 
commissioner H,  board  of  ten 
persons,     [decern,  vir.] 

de-cemo,  crevi,  cretum,  v.  a. 
3,  distinguish,  decide,  order 
(e.g.  a  levy  of  troops), 
[cerno.] 

de-certo,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 
contend,  fight,     [certo.  J 

decet,  uit,  v.  n.  2,  impers., 
it  is  fitting. 


de-claro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

declare,  proclaim,  [clarus.] 
de-curro,    cucurri    or    curri, 

cursum,  v.  n.  3,  run  doivn. 

[curro.] 
decus,     oris,     n.     3,     glory. 

[decet.  ] 
de-decus,  oris,  n.  3,  disgrace, 

[decus.] 
de-dico,    avi,    atum,     v.     a. 

1 ,      consecrate,      dedicate. 

[dicare.  ] 
de-ditio,  Onis,  f.  3,  surrender^ 

capitulation,     [dedo.] 
de-do,  dedldi,  dedltum,  v.  a. 

3,  surrender,     [do.] 
de-duco,   xi,  ctum,   v.   a.   3, 

bring  down,  la unch.  [d  u co.  ] 
de-fectio,    onis,   f.    3,   revolt. 

[de-ficio.] 
de-fendo,    di,    sum,  v.  a.   3, 

irrotect. 
de-fensor,  oris,  m.  3,  defender. 

[defendo.] 
de-fero,    ferre,    ttili,    latum, 

V.  a.,  convey,  deliver  (esp. 

an  accusation),     [fero.] 
de-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum, 

V.  a.  3,  fail,  faint ;  revolt. 

[facio.] 
de-figo,  xi,  xum,  v.  a.  3,  fi.Xy 

stupefy,     [figo.] 
de-iicio,  iicere,  ieci,   iectum, 

V.  a.  3,  throw  down,  throw 

off,  cast  (of  lots),     [lacio.] 
dein,  adv.,   after  this,  then. 

[cp.  inde.] 
deinceps,  adv. ,  next  following, 

snrressively.     [dein,  capio.  ] 
deinde,  adv.,  after  this,  then. 

[inde.] 
de-leo,   cvi,   etum,   v.   a.  2, 

destroy. 


VOCABULARY. 


119 


de-lig:o,  legi,  Iectum,  v.  a.  3, 
choose,  pick  out.     [l6go.] 

Delta,  indeclin.,  the  letter  A 
in  the  Greek  alphabet. 

demo,  dempsi,  demptum,  v. 
a.    3,     take    away,      [de, 

emo.] 
denique,  &dv.,  finally. 
densus,    a,    um,   adj.,   thick, 

close. 
de-nuntio,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

intimate,  command,     [nun- 

tius.] 
de-populor,  atus,  v.  dep.,  lay 

waste,     [populus.] 
de-posco,    poposci,   v.   a.   3, 
demand  (a  person  for  pun- 
ishment),    [posco.] 
de-prendo,  di,  sum,  v.  a.  3, 

seize,  catch,     [prehendo.] 
de-scendo,  di,  sum,  v.  a.  3, 

descend,     [scando.] 
de-s^ro,   ui,   turn,    v.   a.    3, 
leave,  evacuate,    [de  ;  sero, 
I  join.'\ 
de-sidero,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

mixs,  ivant. 
de-signatus,  a,  um,  partic.  of 
designo,  elect,  applied  to 
magistrates  between  their 
election  and  the  beginning 
of  their  term  of  office, 
de-sisto,  stlti,  stitum,  v.  n.  3, 

stop,  cease. 
de-speratio,  onis,f.  3,  despair. 

[spero.] 
de-spero,  avi,  atum,  v.  n. 
1,  despair,  be  hopeless. 
[spero.] 
de-spondeo,  di,  sum,  v.  a.  z, 
give  up ;  despondere  ani- 
mos,  to  give  up  courage, 
despond,     [spondeo.] 


de-stmo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

apjtoint. 
de-sum,  esse,  fui,  v.  n.,   be 
wanting,    fail    (w.     DAT.), 
[sum.] 
de-testor,    atus,    v.   dep.    l, 

abominate,     [testor.] 
de-trecto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

refuse,     [tracto.] 
deus,  i,  m.  2,  god. 
de-veho,   xi,   ctum,   v.   a.   3, 

carry  away,     [veho.] 
de-vSnio,  veni,  ventum,  v.  n. 

4,  come  down,     [venio.] 
de-verto,  ti,  sum,  v.  a.  and 

n.  3,  turn  aside,     [verto.] 
de-vincio,     vinxi,     vinctum, 
V.     a.     4,     biiid,     attach. 
[vincio.] 
de-v6lo,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 

fly  down,     [volare.] 
de-volvo,  volvi,  volutum,  v. 

a.  3,  roll  down,     [volvo.] 
dextera  or  dextra,  ae,  f.   1, 
right  hand  ;  properly  from 
dexter,   adj.,   with    mauus 
to  be  supplied, 
dicio,   onis,   f.   3,   dominion, 

power. 
dico,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3,  say, 
tell  (w.  DAT.  of  person); 
appoint  (to  an  office), 
dictator,  Oris,  m.  3,  dictator, 
a  magistrate  elected  at 
Rome  only  iu  emergencies  ; 
his  power  was  absolute, 
but  lasted  only  six  months, 
[dicto.]  . 

dies,  ei,  m.  (sometimes  t.  m 

sing.)  5,  day. 
dif-fero,  ferre,  distiili,  dila- 
tum,  V.   a.,  put  off.     [dis, 
fero.] 


120 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JFAR. 


dif-flclUs,    e,    adj.,    diffiaUt. 

[(lis,  facilis.] 

dif-f ido,  fisus  sum,  v.  n.  3,  din- 

trust  (\v.  DAT.),    [dis,  fido.] 

dif-fugio,  fiigere,  ffigi,  v.  n. 

li,/lee  in  dijferent  directions. 

[dis,  fugio.] 

dignus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  worthy, 

sufficient. 
di-gredior,  gredi,  gressiis,  v. 
dep.  3,  go  aside,    [dis,  gra- 
dior.] 
di-l&bor,    lapsus,    v.   dep.   3, 
slip  away,  disperse,     [dis, 
labor.] 
di-latio,    on  is,    f.    3,    delay. 

[dilatus,  from  differo.] 
di-lectus,   us,   m.   4,  levy  (of 

soldiers),     [dis,  lego.] 
di-micatio,  on  is,  f.  3,  evf/tuje- 

7nent,  battle,     [dimico.] 
di  mico,  avi,  atum,  v.  ii.   1, 
engage   (in    battle),      [dis, 
mico.] 
di-mitto,  misi,  missum,  v.  a. 
3,  se7id  about,  send  away, 
let  go.     [dis,  mitto,] 
di-rlgo,  rexi,  rectum,  v.  a,  3, 
draw  up  (troops,  etc.,  for 
battle),     [dis,  rego.  ] 
dir-imo,  emi,  emptum,   v.  a. 
3,  break  off,  interrupt,    [dis, 
emo.] 
di-ripio,    ripere,    ripui,    rep 
turn,  V.  a.  3,  plunder,    [dis, 
rapio.  ] 
dis-cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n. 
'^,  part,  depart,   [dis,  cedo.] 
dis-cepto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  and 
n.\,  dispute,     [dis,  capto.] 
dis-cemo,   crevi,   cretum,   v. 
a.    3,    distinguish,    decide, 
[dis,  cerno.] 


dis-cors,      cordis,     adj.,     at 

variance,     [dis,  cor.] 
dis  ciimen,  inis,  n.  3,  crisis, 

danger,     [discerno.] 
dis-iicio,  iicere,  ieci,  iectum, 
V.  a.  3,  scatter,    [dis,  iacio.] 
dis-pello,  puli,  pulsum,  v.  a. 
3,  drire  asunder,  disperse, 
[dis,  pello.] 
dis  pertio,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v. 
a.  4,  divide,     [dis,  partio.] 
dis-pono,  posui,  positum,  v. 
a    3,    distribute,    arrange. 
[dis,  pono.] 
dis-sentlo,  sensi,  sensum,  v. 
11.    4,    differ   (in    opinion), 
[dis,  sentio.] 
dis-sonus,    a,   um,   adj.,  dis- 
cordant,    [dis,  sonus.] 
di  stans,  tis,  partic.  of  disto, 

distant,     [dis,  sto.] 
dito,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  en- 
rich,    [dis  =  dives.] 
diu,  adv.,    compar.    diutius, 

for  a  long  time,     [dies.] 
di-versus,  a,  um,  adj.,  diffe- 
rent,    [dis,  verto.] 
di-vido,  visi,  visum,  v.  a.  3, 

divide,     [cp.  viduus.] 
divus,  i,  m.  2,  god. 
do,  dedi,  datum,  v.  a.  1,  give, 
deliver ;    opera m    dare,    to 
take  pains. 
doceo,  ui,  ctum,  v.  a.  2,  teach. 
doiabra,  ae,  f.  1 ,  axe.    [dolo.  ] 
dolor,  Oris,  m.  3,  pain,  grief. 

[doleo.] 
domesticus,  a,  um,  adj.,  oj 

home,     [domus.] 
dominus,    i,    m.    2,    master, 

ford,  owner,     [domo.] 
domo,  ui,  Itum,  v,  a.  1,  sub- 
due. 


VOCABULARY. 


121 


domus,  us,  f.  3,  4,  house, 
home  ;  domi,  at  home. 

donee,  conj.,  until. 

donum,  i,  n.  2,  gift,     [do.] 

dubie,  adv. ,  doubtfully ;  baud 
dubie,  without  doubt,  [du- 
bius.] 

Ducarius,  ii,  m.  2,  name  of 
an  Insubrian  Gaul. 

du  centi,  ae,  a,  num.  adj., 
two  hundred,  [duo,  cen- 
tum.] 

diico,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3,  lead; 
carry  along  (a  wall) ;  think. 

dum,  conj.,  while,  until. 

dum-modo,  conj.,  provided 
that,     [dum,  modo.] 

duo,  ae,  o,  numeral,  two. 

duo  d6cim,  indecl.  numeral, 
twelve,     [duo,  decem.] 

duo  de-vlginti,  indecl.  nu- 
meral, eighteen,  [lit.,  two 
from  twenty. '\ 

duplex,  plTcis,  adj.,  two-fold. 
[duo,  plico.] 

duro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
harden,     [durus.] 

durus,  a,  um,  adj.,  hard. 

dux,  cis,  m.  3,  commander, 
guide. 

e,  ex,  prep.  w.  abl.,  out  of, 
of  (partitive)  ;  according 
to ;  magna  ex  parte,  in 
great  meonsure ;  ex  coin- 
paratione,  by  comparison. 

Ebtlsus,  i.  f.  2,  Iviza,  an 
island  off  the  east  coast  of 
Spain. 

ec-quis,  ec-quid,  pron.  in- 
terrogative substantival, 
whether  any,  any?  (in  ques- 
tions),    [quis.] 


e-dico,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3,  pro- 
claim,    [dico.] 

e-dictum,  i,  n.  2,  proclama- 
tion,    [edico.] 

e^tus,  a,  um,  partic.  of  edo, 
elevated  (of  position). 

e-do,  didi,  ditum,  v.  a.  3,  put 
forth,  cause,     [do.] 

e-doceo,  ui,  ctum,  v.  a.  2, 
inform,     [doceo.] 

e-dflco,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3,  lead 
forth,     [duco.  ] 

ef-fero,  ferre,  ex-tilli,  elatum. 
v.  a.,  raise ;  elatus,  elevated 
(in  spirits),     [ex,  fero.] 

ef-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum, 
v.  a.  3,  produce,  bring  about. 
[ex,  facio.] 

ef-figies,  ei,  f.  D,form,  ghost. 
[effingo.] 

ef-flo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  blow 
out.     [ex,  flo.] 

ef-fodio,  fodere,  fO<H,  fossum, 
V.  a.  3,  dig  out.    [ex,  fodio.] 

ef-fundo,  fudi,  fusum,  v.  a.  3, 
pour  out,  throw  off.  [ex, 
fundo.] 

ef-fusus,  a,  um,  partic.  (from 
effundo),  scattered,  unre- 
strained. 

6go,  mei,  pers.  pron.,  /. 

ego-met,  mei-met,  /  myself. 

[ego-] 
e-gredior,  gredi,   gressus,   v. 

dep.     3,     come     out.       [e, 

gradior.] 

e-gregie,  adv.  from  egregius. 

e-greglus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ex- 
cellent,    [e,  grex.] 

elephantus,  i,  m.  2,  elephant. 

e-licio,  Iicere,  licui,  licitum, 
v.  a.  3,  draw  out.  [e, 
Iacio.] 


122 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


e-lido,  si,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  crush. 

[e,  laedo.] 
e-ligo,  legi,  leetiim,  v.  a.  3, 

choose  out.     [e,  lego.] 
e-mentior,  mentitus,  v.  dep.  4, 

falsi /'y.     [e,  mentior.] 
e-mergo,   si,    sum,   v.   n.   3, 

come  forth  ^  get  clear,     [e, 

mergo.  ] 
e-metior,  mensus,  v.  dep.  4, 

traverse  ;  partic.  also  used 

in  passive  sense,  traversed. 

[e,     metior,     lit.     measure 

out.'\ 
e-mico,   ui,   atum,   v.    n.    1, 

dart  forth,     [e,  mice] 
e-mineo,  ui,  v.  n.  2,  project. 

[e,  mineo.] 
e-mitto,  misi,   missuni.  v.  a. 

3,  send  forth^  let  go.     [e, 

mitto.] 
e-molumentum,  i,  n.  2,  profit. 

[emolior.] 
Emporiae,  arum,  f.  1  (plur.), 

a  town  on  the  N.F].  coast 

of  Spain.     See  Map. 
e-munitus,    a,     um,     partic. 

{from    emunio),    built    up. 

[e,  munio.] 
en,  interjection,  lo  ! 
e-nectus,  a,  um,  partic.  (from 

eneco),  iconi  out.    £e,  neco.] 
enim,  con j., /or. 
eo,    adv.,    thither,    for     this 

reason  ;  eo  magis,  so  much 

the  more  (answered  by  quo). 

[is.] 
eodem,  adv.,  to  the  sam.e place. 
6ques,   Itis,   m.   3,  horseman, 

cavaJ.ry    (collect),     [equus, 

eo.] 
equestris,  e,  adj.,  of  cavalry, 

of  blights  (the  order  next 


to  the  senators  at   Rome. 

[eques.] 
equidem,  Sidv.,  indeed,  for  my 

part,     [quidem.] 
equitatus,  us,  m.  4,  cavalry. 

[eques.] 
equus,  i,  m.  2,  horse. 
ergo,  adv.,  therefore,  then. 
e-rigo,  rexi,  rectum,  v.  a.  3, 

raise,  excite,     [e,  rego.] 
e-xipio,  ripere,  ripui,  reptum, 

V.  a.   3,  snatch  away,     [e, 

rapio.] 
e-rumpo,    rupi,    ruptum,    v. 

n.  3,  break  out,  scUly  forth. 

[e,  rumpo.] 
e-ruptio,    onis,    f.    3,    sally. 

[erumpo.] 
Eryx,  ^cia,  f.  3,  a  mountain 

and  town  in   the  west   of 

Sicily.     See  note  7,  ch.  75. 
e-scendo,    di,    sum,  v.   n.   3, 

mount  up.     [e,  scando.] 
e-scensio,  Onis,   f.    3,    disem- 
barkation,    [escendo.  ] 
et,    conj.,    and,    also,    even; 

et ...  et,  both  . . .  aiid. 
et-iam,  conj.,  a^«o,  even,    [et.] 
Etruria,  ae,  f.  1,  a  country  of 

Italy.     See  Map. 
Etruscus,    a,    um,     adj.,    of 

Etruria,  Etruscan.     [Etru- 
ria. ] 
e-vd,do,  si,  sum,  v.  n.  and  a. 

3,  come  out  (sometimes  w. 
ABL. ),  come  out  of  {w.  acc). 
[e,  vado.] 

e-v6nio,  veni,  ventum,  v.  n. 

4,  t7im  out,  happen,  fall 
(by  lot),     [e,  venio.] 

e  ventus,    us,    m.     4,    isstie, 

residt.     [evenio.] 
ex,  see  e. 


VOCABULARY. 


123 


ez&men,   Inis,  n.  3,  swarm. 

[ex,  ago.] 
ex-animo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

kill,     [ex,  anima.] 
ex-cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n. 
3,    go    Old    (sometimes   w. 
ABL.).     [ex,  cedo.] 
ex-cidium,  ii,  n.   2,  destruc- 
tion,    [exscindo.] 
ex-cido,  I<li,  no  sup.,  v.  n.  3, 

fall  out.     [ex,  cado.] 
ex-cio  or  cieo,  ivi  or  ii,  itum, 
V.    a.    4,    rouse,    stir    up. 
[ex,  cieo.] 
ex-cipio,    cipere,    cepi,    cep- 
tum,  V.  a.  3,  receive,  catch. 
[ex.  capio.] 
ex-cito,   avi,  atum,    v.   a.   1, 
roM.se  (from  sleep),     [excio.] 
exemplum,  i,  n.  2,  example, 

precedent. 
ex-eo,   ire,  ii  (ivi),  itum,  v. 
n.i  go  forth  (sometimes  w. 
ABL.).     [ex,  eo.] 
ex-erceo,  ui,  Itum,  v.  a.  2,  em- 
ploy, exercise,     [ex,  arceo.] 
ex-ercitus,  us,  m.    4,  army. 

[exerceo.] 
ex-igo,   egi,   actum,  v.  a.  3, 
enforce     (payment).       [ex, 
ago.] 
ex-iguu8,  a,  um,  adj.,  small, 

few. 

ex-istimo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a. 
1,  think,  consider.  [ex, 
aestimo.] 

ex-orior,  ortus,  v.  dep.  3  and 
4,  spring  up.     [ex,  orior.] 

ex-pedio,  ivi  or  li,  itum,  v.  a. 
4,  clear  (of  encumbrance), 
get  ready  ;  expeditus  unen- 
cumbered (by  baggage). 
[ex,  pes.] 


ex-pello,  ptili,  pulsum,  v.  a. 
3,  drive  out.     [ex,  pello.] 

ex-perior,  pertus,  v.  dep.  4, 
try. 

ex-plico,  avi  or  ui,  atum  or 
itum,  v.  a.  1,  unfold,  [ex, 
plico.  ] 

ex-plorator,  oris,  m.  3,  scout. 
[exploro.] 

ex-ploro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
reconnoitre,  examine. 

ex-pono,  posui,  positum,  v.  a. 
3,  set  forth  (in  speech) ;  dis- 
embark,    [ex,  pono.] 

ex-promo,  psi,  ptum,  v.  a.  3, 
declare,     [ex,  promo,  bring 

02U.] 

ex-pugno,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

take      by      assault.       [ex, 

pugno.] 
ex-quiro,   quisivi,    quisitum, 

v.  a.  3,  inquire  about,    [ex, 

quaere] 
ex-solvo,  solvi,  solutum,  v.  a. 

3,  rdea-^e.     [ex,  solve] 
ex-spectatio,   onis,   f.    3,  ex- 
pectation,    [exspecto.] 
ex-specto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

wait  for.     [ex,  specto.] 
ex  spiro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

die.    [ex,  spiro,  breathe  out 

life.] 
ex-sto,  no  perf.  or  sup.,  v.  n. 

1,  stand  out.     [ex.  sto.] 
ex-sulto,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 

leap  up.     [exsilio.] 
ex-templo,  adv. ,  immediately. 
ex  tentus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uide. 

[extendo.] 
ex-tenuo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

diminish,     [tenuis.] 
externus,  a,  um,  adj.,/ore«Y/n. 
[exterus.] 


124 


THE   HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


ex-tollo,  no  perf.  or  sup.,  v. 

a.  3,  nuKjnijy.  [ex,  tollo.] 
extra,  prep.  w.  acc,  ouUide. 
ex-traho,   xi,  ctum,  v.  a.   3, 

ilraw  out.     [ex,  traho.] 
extremus,  a,  um,  adj.,  last; 

extremum  (as  subst.)  ex/re- 

mify.     [extra.] 
ex-tuii,  perf.  of  effero. 
ex- turbo,  avi,  atuin,  v.  a.   1, 

drive  away,     [ex,  turbo.] 
ex-uo,    ui,    utnm,    v.    a.    3, 

atrip,  deprive. 

Fabius,  ii,  m.  2,  name  of  a 
Roman  clan»  to  which  be- 
longed Q.  Fabius  Maximus, 
appointed  dictator  (ch. 
139),  and  Q.  Fabius  Pictor, 
the  historian  mentioned  in 
ch.  133. 

fabrico,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
build,     [fabrica.] 

fades,  ei,  f.  5,  face. 

facile,  adv.,  easily .     [facilis.] 

facinus,  oris,  n.  3,  deed,  ex- 
ploit,    [facio.] 

facio,  facere,  feci,  factum,  v. 
a.  3,  doy  make,  produce  ; 
verba  facere,  to  make  a 
speech. 

factum,  i,  n.  2,  deed,    [facio.] 

Faesiilae,  arum,  f.  1.  (plur.). 
Fiesole,  a  town  in  Etruria. 
A^ee  Map. 

fallo,  fefelli,  falsum,  v.  a.  3, 
deceive,  break  promise;  cause 
to  slip  ;  escape  notice. 

falso,  adv. ^falsely,     [fallo.] 

falsus,  a,  um,  adj.,  false. 
[fallo.] 

f9,ma,  ae,  f.  1,  report,  reputa- 
tion.    [fari.J 


fames,  is,  f.  3,  hunger. 
fateor,  fassus,  v.  dep.  2,  con- 
fess,    [fati.] 
fatigo,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 
treary.     [cp.  fatiscor.] 

fauces,  ium,  f.  3  (plur.), 
mountain  pass.  [lit.  = 
throat.  ] 

favor,  oris,  m.  3,  popularity. 
[faveo.] 

feliciter,  adv.,  prosperoudy, 
[felix.j 

femina,  ae,  f.  1,  woman. 

femur,  oris,  n.  3,  thigh. 

ferax,  acis,  adj. , fertile,  [fero.  ] 

fere,  adv.,  about,  aj/most, 
generally. 

feriae,  arum,  f.  1.  (plur.), 
festival. 

ferio,  no  perf.  or  sup.,  v.  a. 
4,  strike. 

ferme,  adv.,  about,  generally. 

ffiro,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  v.  a. 
3,  })ear,  bring,  propose  (a 
question  or  a  law) ;  report; 
ferre  et  agere,  to  plunder. 

ferocla,  ae,  f.  1,  confidence, 
pride,     [ferox.] 

ferociter,  adv.,  confidently, 
proudly,     [ferox.] 

ferox,  ocis,  adj.,  confdent, 
proud. 

ferrum,  i,  n.  2,  iron. 

fertilis,  e,  ad].,  fertile,    [fero.] 

fessus,  a,  um,  adj.,  weary. 

festino,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 
hasten. 

fidglis,  e,a.di.,faithfuly  honest. 
[tides.] 

fides,  ei,  f.  5,  faith,  allegi- 
ance, promise  ;  fidem  dare, 
to  give  a  pledge  ;  see  note 
3,  ch.    157  :  tidem  habere. 


VOCABULARY. 


125 


to  repose  confidence   (in   a 
])erson) ;  see  note  4,  ch.  156. 

fido,   lisus  sum,  v.  n.  3  (w. 
DAT.  or  ABL.),  trust  in. 

fidus,   a,    um,    adj.,  faith  fid 
(w.  DAT.),     [fides.] 

figo,  xi,  xum,  v.  a.  3,./?x. 

flgiira,  ae,  f.  1,  shape,  [fingo.] 

fllius,  ii,  m.  2,  son. 

flnis,  is,  m.  3,  bovvdory ;  m 
plur.,  territory. 

finitimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  neigh- 
bouring,    [finis.] 

fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  v.  n. 
(used  as  passive  of  facio), 
become,  be  done,  happen. 

flrmo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
strengthen,     [firmus.] 

flagro,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 
bum. 

naminius,  ii,  m.  2,  name  of 
a  Roman  clan. 

flamma,  ae,  f.  1,  flame. 

flecto,  xi,  xum,  v.  a.  3,  bend, 

turn. 
flumen,     Inis,     n.    3,    river. 

[fluo.] 
fluo,  xi,  xum,  v.  a.  3,  flow. 
fluvius,  ii,  m.  2,  river,    [fluo.] 
foede,   adv.,   horribly,     [foe- 

dus,  adj.] 
foeditas,   atis,   f.    3,  horrors. 

[foedus,  adj.] 
foedus,  eris,  n.  3,  treaty,    [cp. 

fides.] 
fors,  tis,  f.  3,  chance. 
forsitan,  adv.  ,perhaps.  [fors.  ] 
fortasse, adv.,  perhaps,  [fors.] 
forte,  adv. ,  by  chance,    [fors.  ] 
fortis,  e,  adj.,  brave. 
fortuna,    ae,    f.    I,  fortune; 

also  as  proper  name,  For- 

time.     [fors.] 


forum,  i,  n.  2,  market-place, 

forum. 
fragor,    oris,    m.    3,    crash, 

[frango.] 
frango,  fregi,  fractum,  v.  a. 

3,  break. 
frater,  tiis,  m.  3,  brother. 
fraus,  dis,  f.  3,  treachry. 
fremitus,  us,  m.  4,  murmur- 
ing, noise,     [fremo.] 
freno,    avi,    atum,   v.    a.    1, 
bridle  ;  frenatus,  furnished 
with  bridles. 
frfequens,  tis,  adj.,  crowded. 
frigus.  oris,  n.  3,  cold. 
frons,  tis,  f.  3,  front,  van. 
fructus,     us,     m.     4,     crop. 

[fruor.] 
frumentum,    i,    n.    2,    corn, 

[cp.  frux.] 
fruor,  fructus  or  fruitus,  v. 

dep.  3,  enjoij  (w.  abl.). 
frustra,  adv.,  to  no  purpose, 

for  nothing,     [cp.  fraus.] 
fiiga,  ae,  f.  \,  flight,    [fugio.] 
fiigio,  fiigere,  fiigi,  fugltum, 

V.  n.  3,  flee. 
fugo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.   1,  ]nit 

to  flight,     [fuga.] 
fulgor,  oris,  m.  3,  sjdendotir. 

[fulgeo.] 
fulmen,  Inis,  n.  3,  lightning. 

[fulgeo.] 
fumus,  i,  m.  2,  smoke. 
fundo,  fudi,  fusunj,  v.  a.   3, 

scatter,  rout. 
fungor,   functus,   v.   dep.    3, 

perform  (w.  abl.). 
funis,  is,  m.  3,  rope. 
funus,  eris,  n.  3,  burial. 
furiosus,  a,  um,    adj.,  mad. 

[furiae.] 
furtum,  i,  n.  2,  theft,     [fur.] 


126 


THE  HANNIBALIAN   fTAR. 


GalUa,  ae,  f.  1,  Gaul—eiihev 

Cisalpine    or    Transalpine 

(i.e.  the  Nortii  of  Italy  or 

France). 

GaUicus,  a,  uni,  adj.,  of  the 

GanU. 
Callus,    i,    m.    2,    a    Gaul-, 
Oalli,   the    Gauls,  a   Celtic 
race,  inhabiting  North  Italy 
and  France, 
gaudium,     ii,     n.     2,    joy. 

[gaudeo.] 
gelu,  us,  n.  A,  frost. 
gremitus,    us,    ni.    4,   <)roan. 

[geino.] 
Genius,     ii,    m.    2,    Genius, 
tutelary   ilt'ity   (of    Rome), 
fcp.  gigno.] 
grens,   tis,  f.  3,  nation,  tribe. 

[cp.  gig  no.] 
Genua,    ae,    f.     1,   Genoa,    a 
town     of     Liguria.       See 
iMap. 
gfinus,  iiris,  n.  3,  race.     [cp. 

gigno.] 
giro,  gessi,  gestum,  v.  a.  3, 

hear,  carry  on  (war,  etc.). 
gigno,  genui,  genltuni,  v.  a. 

3,  produce. 
glacies,  ei,  f.  5,  ice. 
gladius,  ii,  m.  2,  sword. 
globus,  i,  m.  2,  mass. 
glomgro,  avi,  atuni,  v.  a.  1, 
(father   tofjether.      [glomus, 
cp.  globus.] 
gloria,  ae,  f.  1,  fjlory. 
grando,  Inis,  f.  3,  hail. 
gratia,    ae,    f.     1,    kindness, 
(/rare,  (jraiitude  (w.  (;en.  of 
the  person  towards  whom 
it  is  felt),     [gratus.] 
gratulor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  con- 
gratulate,    [gratus.] 


gratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  pleasing, 
(jrareftU. 

gravis,  e,  adj.,  heavy,  heavy 
armed,  harsh. 

gravlter,  adv.,  heavily,  se- 
verely,    [gravis.] 

grravo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
oppress  ;  gi-avor  (pass, ),  he 
wearied  ( w.  abl.  ).  [gravis.  ] 

gurges,  itis,  m.  3,  eddy, 
stream. 

habeo,  ui,  Ttum,  v.  a.  2,  have, 
hold,  keep  ;  perform  ;   con- 
sider ;    habere  pugnam,  to 
fight  a  battle  ;  habere  fidem, 
to  repose  confidence. 

habUis,  e,  adj.,  adapted. 
[habeo.] 

liabitator,  oris,  m.  3,  inhabi- 
tant,    [habito.] 

hablto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
inhabit,     [habeo.] 

habitus,  us,  m.  4,  appearance. 
[habeo.] 

baereo,  haesi,  haesum,  v.  n. 
2,  stick  fast. 

Hamilcar,  aris,  m.  3,  name  of 
the  father  of  Hannibal,  sur- 
named  Barca. 

Hannibal,  alis,  m.  3,  a  Car- 
thaginian name. 

Hanno,  onis,  m.  3,  name  of  a 
Carthaginian  officer. 

Hasdrubal,  alis,  m.  3,  name 
of  a  son-in-law  of  Hamilcar 
Barca  ;  also  of  a  brother  of 
Hannibal. 

hasta.  ae,  f.  1,  spear. 

hastatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  armed 
with  a  spear-,  hastati,  the 
men  of  tliv  first  rank  in  the 
Roman  legion,     [hasta.] 


VOCABULARY. 


127 


hand,  adv.,  not,  chiefly  with 

adjectives  and  adverbs, 
haudqua-quam,  adv.,  by  no 

means. 
haurio,  hausi,  haustum,  v.  a. 

4,  swallow  up. 
herba,  ae,  f.  1,  grass. 
Hercules,  is,  m.  3,  Hercules. 
hibema,  orum,  n.  2  (plur.), 

winter  quarters,  [hibernus.] 
hiberno,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 

winter,     [hibernus.] 
Hiberus,  i,  m.  2,  the  Ehro,  a 

river  of  Spain.     See  Map. 
hie,  adv.,  here. 
hie,  haec,  hoc,  pron.,  this,  he. 
hic-ce,  haec-ce,  hoc-ce,  pron., 

thU  rery.     [hie] 
hiems,    emis,    f.    3,    winter, 

sfonn,  bad  weather. 
Himilco,  onis,  m.  3,  name  of 

a  Carthaginian  officer, 
hinc,  adv.,  hence,     [hie] 
Hispania,    ae,    f.    1,    Spain. 

[Hispanus.] 
Hispanus,  a,  um,a.d}., Spanish, 

Spaniard. 
Histri,    orum,    m.    2    (plur.), 

the   Istrinns,    on    the    east 

shore  of  the  Adriatic, 
homo,  hiis,  m.  3,  person,  man. 
hora,  ae,  f.  1,  hour. 
horrendus,  a,  um,  gerundive 

of  horreo,  terrible,     [lit.,  to 

be  shuddered  aL] 
horreum,   i,  n.   2,  storehouse 

(of  grain). 
hortator,   oris,  m.  3,   encou- 

rager.     [hortor.] 
hospes,  Itis,  m.  ^,  friend. 
hospitlum,    ii,    n.    2,  friend- 
ship,  bond    of  friendship. 

[hospes.] 


hostia,  ae,  f.  1,  victim. 
hostis,  is,  m.  3,  enemy ;  often 

in  plural, 
hue,  adv.,  hither. 
humanus,   a,    um,    of  man. 

[homo.] 
hiimor,  oris,  m.  3,  moisture. 

[humeo.] 
humus,  i,  f.  2,  ground,  earth; 

humi,  on  the  ground. 

iaceo,  ui,  Itum,  v.  n.  2,  lie. 
laeto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  tosSy 

boast,     [iacio.] 
iactiira,  ae,  f.  1,  loss,    [iacio.] 
iaculator,  oris,  m.  3,  javelin 

thrower,     [iaculum.] 
iaciilor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  hurl 

javelins,     [iaculum.] 
iaciilum,     i,    n.    2,    javelin. 

[iacio.] 
iam,  adv.,  now,  already. 
iam-diu,  adv.,  now  for  a  long 

time,     [diu.] 
iam-dudum,  adv.,   long  ago. 

[dudum.] 
ihi,  adv.,  there. 
ieo,  ici,  ictum,  v.  a.  3,  strike, 

wound ;    icere    foedus,    to 

make  a  treaty. 
Ictumiili,  orum,  m.  2  (plur.), 

a    town    in    North    Italy, 

situation  uncertain, 
ictus,  us,  m.  4,  bloiv.     [ico.] 
idem,    eadem.    Idem,    pron., 

same. 
identidem,   adv.,   again  and 

a(jain.     [idem,  idem.] 
idus,  uum,   f.   4  (plur.),   the 

ides  (the  dividing  day) — the 

15th  of  March,  May,  July, 

and  October,   the    13th   of 

the  other  months. 


128 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


ieiunus,  a,  iim,  adj.,  hungrf/. 
igltur,  adv.,  there/ore. 
i-gnarus,   a,   um,  adj.,   itjjio- 

rant.     [in,  giiarus.] 
i-gnavus,  a,   um,   a(ij.,  lazy, 
cowardly.  [m,not\  gnavus.] 
igrnis,  is,  m.  %fire. 
i-gnoro,  avi,   atiim,  v.   a.   1, 
he  iijnorant  of.     [ignarus.] 
i  gndtus,    a,    um,    adj.,    un- 
known,    [in,  not ;  giiotus  — 
notus.  ] 
Ilergavonenses,    ium,    m.    3 
(plur.),  a  people  of  8pain. 
See  Map. 
Ilergetes,   um,   m.   3  (plur.), 
a  people  of  Spain.  See  Map. 
niberris,  is,  f,  :?,  a  town  just 
north  of  the  Pyrenees,    ^^ee 
Map. 
11-latus,  a,  um,  partic.  of  in- 

fero. 
ille,  a,  ud,  pron.,  he,  she,  it ; 

that, 
ilhc.  adv.,  there,     [ille.] 
il  lido,  si,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  dash 
aijaimt    (w.    dat.).        [in, 
laedo.] 
illuvles,  ei,  f.  5, ///A.  [ilhio.] 
Illyrius,  a,  um,  adj.,  lUyrian, 
a  people  on  the  east  of  the 
Adriatic, 
im  bellis,  e,  adj.,  nn warlike. 

[in,  7iot ;  bellum.] 
imber,  bris,  m.  3,  raiii. 
im-mensus,  a,  um,  adj.,  end- 
less, vast,  [in,  not ;  mensus. ] 
im-mergo,  si,   sum,   v.   a.  3, 

pluniff"  hi.     [in,  mergo,] 
im-mineo,  ui,  v.  n.  2,  ham/ 
ov»r  (w.  DAT. )  impend,    [in, 
mineo.] 
im  misceo,    miscui,   mixtum. 


V.    a.    2,    mingle   in.      [in, 

misceo.] 

im-mitto,  mlsi,  missum,  v.  a. 

3,  send  against,    [in,  mitto.  ] 

immo,  adv.,  nay  rather. 

im-mobilis,  e,  adj.,  motionless. 

[in,  not ;  moveo.] 
im-molo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
sacrifice.      [in  ;    mola,    the 
sacrificial  meed.  ] 
Ixn-mortalis,  e.  adj. ,  immortal. 

[in,  not  ;  mors.] 
im-pavidus,  a,  um,  adj., /ear- 

less.     [in,  not ;  paveo.] 
im-pedimentum,     i,     n.     2, 
hindt^ance,       haggage      (in 
plur.).     [impedio.] 
im  pedio,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v. 
a.  4,  hinder,  encumber,    [in, 
pes.] 
im  peditus,  a,  um,  adj.,  diffii- 

cnlt  (of  ground). 
im  pello,  pali,  pulsum,  v.  a. 

3,  drive,     [in,  pello.] 
im  pendo,   di,  sum,  v.  a.  3, 

expend,     [in,  pendo.] 
imperator,    Oris,   m.   3,  com- 
mander,    [impero.  ] 
imperium,  ii,  n.  2,  command, 

lordship,     [iinpero.] 
im-pfiro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  and 
n.   1,  command 'y  order,  w. 
DAT.    of    person,    acc.    of 
thing, 
im-pertio,  ivi  or  Ii,  Itum,  v. 
a.  4,  bestow ;  impertita,  n. 
plur.,  benefits,    [in,  partio.] 
impetus,    us,    m.    4,    rushy 

attack,     [in,  peto.] 
im  pign^-e,  adv.,ac/»vc/y.    [im- 

piger.] 
im-pleo,  evi,  etum,  v.  a.  2, 
Jill,     [in,  pleo.] 


VOCABULARY. 


129 


im-ploratio.  onis,  f.  3,  en- 
treaty,    [in,  ploro.] 

im-pdno,  posui,  positum,  v. 
a.  3,  lay  upon,  impose,  [in, 
pono.] 

im- provide,   adv.,   carelessly 
[improvidus.] 

im  providus,  a,  um,  adj.,ca?e- 
less.     [in,  7iO^  ;  provideo.] 

im-provisus,  a,  um,  adj.,  un- 
expected, [in,  not  ;  pro- 
video.] 

im-puli,  perf.  of  impello. 

imus,  a,  um,  superl.  adj., 
lowest ;  imum,  as  subst.,  the 
bottom,     [cp.  infimus.] 

in,  prep.  w.  acc.  or  abl. — (i.) 
vv.  ACC. :  to,  towards,  into, 
against,  for  (a  purpose) ;  in 
annum,  for  a  year  ;  in 
omen,  for  a  sign,  (ii.)  w. 
ABL. :  in,  among,  on. 

in-calesco,  calui,  v.  n.  8,  grow 
hot.     [caleo.] 

in-cautus,  a,  um,  adj.,  un- 
suspecting, [in,  not ;  caveo.  ] 

in-cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n. 
3,  advance,     [cede] 

in-cendium,  ii,  n.  2,  confla- 
gration,    [incendo.] 

in-cendo,  di,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  set 
on  fire. 

in-certus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ?m- 
certain.      [in,  not ;  certus.] 

in-cessus,  us,  m.  4,  tread. 
[incedo.] 

in-cido,  cidi,  casum,  v.  n.  3, 
fall  upon  (w.  DAT.),  enter, 
happen,     [cado.  ] 

in-cido,  cidi,  cisum,  v.  a.  3, 
cut.     [caedo.] 

incipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
V.  a.  3,  begin,     [capio.] 


in-cTto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  stir 
up,  excite,     [citus.] 

in-clino,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
turn. 

in-clitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  re- 
nowned,    [clueo.] 

in-cludo,  si,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  shut 
in.     [claudo.] 

in  cognitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  un- 
known,   [in,  not ;  cognosco.] 

in-colo,  ui,  cultum,  v.  a.  3, 
inhabit,     [colo.] 

in  columis,  e,  adj.,  safe,  in 
good  condition. 

in-consultus,  a,  um,  adj.,  in- 
considerate, [in,  not ;  con- 
sulo.] 

in-cultus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uaste  ; 
inculta,  n.  plur.,  waste 
places,     [in,  not ;  colo.] 

in-curso,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 
attack,     [incurro.] 

inde,  adv.,  thence,  after  that, 
then,     [is.] 

in  dec5rus,  a,  um,  adj.,  un- 
seemly,    [in,  not ;  decorus.] 

Indibilis,  is,  m.  3,  name  of  a 
Spanish  chieftain. 

in  dico,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3,  de- 
clare (war,  etc.).     [dico.] 

in-dignatio,  onis,  f.  3,  dis- 
jileasure.     [indignus.] 

in-digrnitas,  at  is,  f.  3,  insult. 
[indignus.] 

indignus,  »,  um,  adj.,  un- 
iporthji  ;  indigna,  n.  plur., 
indignities,  i.e.  treatment 
which  one  has  not  deserved, 
[in,  not;  dignus.] 
in-do,   didi,   ditum,   v.   a.    3, 

gire.      [do.] 
ind-oles,   is,   f.   3,  character, 
disposition,     [in,  olesco.] 


130 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


in-duco,    xi,   ctum,    v.   a.    3, 

lead  in.     [<iuco.] 
Indus,  i,  m.  2,  Indian. 
industria,  ae,  f.  1,  dilujence  ; 

de  industria,  on  jmrpose. 
in  eo,  ire,  ii  orivi,  Itum,  v.  n. 

and  a.,  enter,  befjin.     [eo. ] 
in-ermis,   e,   adj.,    unarmed. 

[in,  nof  ;  arma.] 
in-explorS,to,  adv.,  irifhoufex- 

amiiiiw)   beforehand,      [in, 

not  ;  explore] 
in-exsuperabilis,      e,      adj., 

insnperable.         [in,        not ; 

S'.ipero.] 
in-fS,mis,  e,  adj.,  disreputable. 

[in,  not  ;  fama.  ] 
In  fans,  tis,  ni.  or  f.  3,  infant. 

[in,  not  ;  fari.] 
inferior,    us,    com  par.    adj., 

lower  ;     inferior    to,    with 

ablat.  of  comparison,      [in- 
fra.] 
il-fero,   ferre,    tuli,    illatum, 

V.  a. ,  carry  arjainstiw.  DAT. ) ; 

inferre  bellum,  to  wage  ivar. 

[f  ero.  ] 
in-festus,  a,  um,  adj.,  hostile, 

fierce. 
inflmus,  a,  um,  superlat.  adj., 

lowest,     [cp.  imus.] 
in-formis,  e,   adj.,   shapeless. 

[in,  not ;  forma.] 
infra,  prep.  w.  acc,  below. 
infra,  adv.,  below. 
in-genium,  ii,  n.  2,  character. 

[gigno.] 
in-gens,    tis,    adj.,    immense. 

[in,  not;  gigno.] 
in-genuus.  a,  um,  adj.,  free- 
bom,     [ingeno.] 
in-gn^edior,  gr6di,  gresaus,  v. 

dep.  3,  enter,     [gradior.] 


in -humanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  in- 

human,     [m,  not ;  homo.] 
in-iicio,   iicere,  ieci,   iectuni, 

V.  a.  3,  throve  over.    [iacio.J 
in-imicitia,  ae,  f.   1,  enmity . 

[in,  not ;  amicitia.] 
in-iquitas,  atis,  f.  3,  nneven- 

ness,  difficulty,    [iniquus.] 
in  iquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uneven, 

unfavourable.        [in,     not  ; 

aequus.] 
in-itium,  ii,  n.  2,  beginning. 

[ineo.] 
in-iungo,  xi,   ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

attach,     [iungo.] 
in-iuria,    ae,    f.     1,    wrong ; 

iniuria    (ablat.),    unjustly. 

[in,  710^ ;  ius.] 
in-iussu,  ablat. ,  without  orders 

(w.  r.EN.).    [in,  7io^;  iussu.] 
in.  ivLBte,  adv.,  unjustly,     [in, 

not  ;  iu8tus.] 
in  no,  navi,  natum,  v.  n.   1, 

Jloat  upon  (w.  DAT.),     [no.] 
in  opia,  ae,  f.  1,  ivant.     [in, 

nof  ;  opis.] 
inquam,  v.  defect.,  say. 
in-qui§tus,  a,  um,  adj.,  rest- 
less,    [in,  not;  quietus.] 
in-quiro,    quisivi,    quisitum, 

V,  a.  3,  search  for,  enquire 

about,     [quaero.] 
in-sectatio,    onis,   f.   3,   pur- 
suit,    [sector.] 
in-sequor,   secfitus,   v.   dep., 

follow,     [sequor.] 
in-sero,  sevi,  situm,  v.  a.  3, 

implant,     [sero.  ] 
in-sideo,  sedi,  sessum,  v.  a.  2, 

occupy,     [sedeo.] 
in  sidiae,  arum,  f.  1  (plur.), 

ambush,    treachery.       [in- 

sideo.] 


VOCABULARY. 


131 


in-signis,  e,  adj.,  conspicuous. 

[signum.] 
in  silio,  ui,  v.  n.  4,  leap  upon. 

[salio.  ] 
in-situs,  partic.  of  insero. 
in-solitus,   a,  um,   adj.,   7in- 

usual,     [in,  not ;  soleo.] 
in-spicio,  spicere,  spexi,  spec- 

tum,    V.    a.    3,    look  into ; 

examine,     [specio.  ] 
instituo,   ui,  utum,   v.   a.   3, 

establish,  begin,     [statuo.] 
in-sto,  stiti,  no  sup.,  v.  n.  1, 

be  at  hand,  press  upon  (w. 

DAT.).      [sto.] 
in-8trd,tus,  a,  um,  partic.  of 

'nasiemo,  saddled,  [sterno.] 
in-strumentum,  i,  n.  2,  Im- 
plement,    [instruo.] 
in-struo,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

draw  up  (in  military  sense), 

equip,     [struo.] 
Insuber,    bris,    m.    3,    Insu- 

brian,  a  tribe  of  Cisalpine 

Gaul.     See  Map. 
insula,  ae,  f.  1,  island. 
in-siiper,    adv.,    besides,     in 

addition,     [super.] 
in-superabilis,    e,    adj.,    im- 

passable,    [in,  ?io<;  supero.] 
in-sum,  fui,  v.  n.,  be  in  (w. 

DAT.),     [sum.] 
in-surgo,  surrexi,  surrectum, 

V.  n.  3,  rise,     [surgo] 
in-tactus.    a,    um,    adj.,    un- 
touched,    [in,  770/ ;  tango.  ] 
integer,     gra,     grum,     adj., 

untouched  ;      de     integro, 

afresh,     [in,  7?o/ ;  tango.] 
in-temperles,    ei,    f.    5,   bad 

v)eather.  [in,  nof ;  tempero. ] 
inter,  prep.  w.  acc,  among, 

amid,  between,  during. 


inter-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  cep- 

tum,  V.  a.  3,  cut  off.  [capio.] 
inter-cludo,     clusi,     clusum, 

V.    a.    3,    stop,    shut    off.- 

[claudo.] 
inter-diu,   adv.,    dtiring    the 

day.     [inter,  dies.] 
inter-eS,,     adv. ,     meanwhile. 

[inter,  is.] 
inter-ficio,    ficere,   feci,    fec- 

tum,  v.  a.  3,  kill,    [facio.] 
inter-im,    adv.,     meanwhile. 

[inter,  is.] 
interior,    ius,   compar.    adj., 

inner,     [cp.  intra.] 
inter-lino,  levi,  lltum,  v.  a. 

3,  smear  between,  interlay. 

[lino.] 
inter-pres,   pretis,   m.  3,  in- 
terpreter. 
inter-rogo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a. 

1,  ask.     [rogo.] 
inter-sum,  fui,  v.  n.  (w.  dat.), 

be  between,     [sum.] 
inter-venio,     veni,     ventum, 

V.  n.  4,  interrupt,  prevent. 

[venio.] 
intra,  prep.  w.  acc,  within. 

[inter.] 
intrabilis,  c,  adj.,  capable  of 

being  entered,     [intro.] 
intro,   avi,    atum,    v.   a.    1, 

enter,     [in.] 
intro -duco,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

bring  in.     [duco.] 
in-tueor,    tultus,   v.   dep.    2, 

gaze  upon,     [tueor.] 
in-undo,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.   1, 

overflow,     [unda,] 
in-v&do,  vasi,  vasum,  v.  a.  3, 

invade,  at  tuck,     [vado.] 
in-v6ho,   xi,   ctum,   v.  a.  3, 

carry  in.     [veho.] 


132 


THE  UANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


In-vSnio,  veni,  ventum,  v.  n. 

4,^/ind.     [venio.] 
in-vidia,    ae,    f.     1,    hatred. 

[invideo.] 
in-viso,  i,  um,  v.  a.  3,  visit. 

[vise] 
in-visus,  a,   um,   adj.,  hated 

(w.  DAT.),     [invideo.] 
in-vius,  a,  um,  adj.,  pathles<i. 

[in,  not ;  via.] 
ipse,  a,  um,  pron.,  self^  him- 
self, herself  itself,     [is.] 
ira,  ae,  f.  1,  awjer. 
ird.tus,  a,   um,   adj.,  angry. 

[ira.] 
ir-rito,   avi,   atum,   v.   a.    1, 

excite,  provoke. 
ir-ritus,  a,  um,  adj.,  useless. 

[in,  not ;  ratus.] 
is,  ea,  id,  pron.,  that ;  /te,  she, 

it ;  such. 
Isara,  ae,  f.   1,  the  Is^re,  a 

tributary  of  the  Rhone, 
iste,  a,  ud,  pron.,  that,  this 

of  yours,     [is.] 
ita,  adv.,  so,  thus,     [is.] 
Italia,  ae,  f.  1,  Italy. 
itaque,  conj.,  and  so.    [ita.] 
iter,   itineris,   n.  3,  journey, 

march,     [ec] 
itfirum,  adv.,  again,  a  second 

time. 
iubeo,  iussi,  iussum,  v.  a.  2, 

cojnmand. 
iug^m,  i,  n.  2,  yoke,  ridge  (of 

a  mountain).     [iungo.J 
iumentum,  i,  n.  2,  a  beast  of 

harden,     [iungo.] 
iungo,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  S,join  ; 

ponte  iungere,<o  6Wfl?»/<?  oi^er. 
luno,  onis,  f.  3,  Juno. 
iuro,    avi,    atum,    v.    n.    1, 

swear. 


ius,    iuris,   n.   3,   right,   law, 

authority  ;  iure,  justly. 
ius-iurandum,    iuris-iurandi, 

n.  2,  oath,     [ius,  iuro.] 
iussu,  (ahlat.   of   iu.ssus),  hy 

orrfer  (w.  GEN.),     [iubeo.] 
iussum,    i,   n.   2,    command. 

[iubeo.] 
iustus,    a,    um,    adj.,    Hght, 

proper,  complete,     [ius.] 
iuv6nis,     is,     m.     3,     young 

man. 
iuventus,    iitis,    f.    3,    young 

men  (collective),    [iuvenis.] 
iiivo,    iuvi,    iutum,    v.   a.    1, 

help. 

L.,  abbreviation  for  LucitLS, 
a  Roman  name. 

labor,  oris,  m.  3,  toil. 

labor,  lapsus,  v.  dep.  3,  slip, 
fall. 

labdro,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 
toil,  be  hard  pressed. 
[labor.] 

lacdro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
tear,     [lacer.  ] 

Lacetania,  ae,  f.  1,  a  district 
of  Spain,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Pyrenees.     See  Map. 

lactens,  tis,  f.  3,  unwearied 
awmaZ (offered  as  a  victim), 
[partic.  of  lacteo,  with 
hostia  understood.] 

lacus,  us,  ni.  4,  lake. 

Laeetani,  orum,  m.  2  (plur.), 
a  tribe  of  Spain  on  the 
N.E.  coast.     See  Map. 

laetitia,  ae,  f.  1,  joy.  [lae- 
tus.] 

laetor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  re- 
joice,    [laetus.] 

laetus,  a,  um,  adj..  rejoicing. 


VOCABULARY, 


133 


laeva,    ae,    f.    1,    left    hand. 
[from     adj.     laevus,    with 
manus  understood.] 
lancea,  ae,  f.  1,  spear. 
lanio,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 

ttar. 
Lanuvium,  ii,  n.  2,  a  town  of 

Latium. 
I&pis,  idis,  m.  3,  stone. 
lapsus,    us,    m.    4,   slipping, 
fail ;  lapsus  terrae,  a  land- 
slip,    [labor.] 
lassitude,  Inis,  f.  3,  weariness. 

[lassus.  ] 
late,    adv.,   far    and    wide. 

[latus.] 
latebrae,  arum,  f.   1  (plur.), 

hiding-place,     [lateo.] 
Latlnus,     a,     um,     adj.,    of 
Latium,  Latin.     [Latium.] 
latro,  onis,  m.  3,  robber. 
latrocinium,  ii,  n.  2,  robbery. 

[latro.] 
l&tus,    a,    um,     adj.,     wide, 

broad. 
13,tus,  a,  um,  partic.  of  fero. 
latus,  eris,  n.  3,  side. 
laudator,  oris,  m.  3,  praiser. 

[laudo.] 
laudo,   avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 

praise,     [laus.] 
laus,  dis,  f.  3,  praise,  glory. 
lecti-stemium,  ii,  n.  2.     See 
note  8,  ch.   109.     [lectus, 
sterno.] 
legatio,  onis,  f.  3,  embassy. 

[legatus.  ] 
legSltus,  i,  m.  2,  ambassador, 

lieutenant,     [lego.  ] 
legio,  onis,  f.  3,  legion.     See 

ch.  30,  note  5.     [lego.] 
16vis,    e,   adj.,   light,    small, 
trifling. 


Ifevo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  re- 
lieve,    [levis.] 
lex,  gis,  f.  3,  law,  condition. 

[lego.] 
liber,  era,  erum,  adj.,/ree. 
liber,  bri,  m.  2,  book. 
liberalis,    e,   adj.,   generous. 

[liber.] 
liberi,   orum,    m.    2  (plur.), 

children. 
libero,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  set 

free,     [liber.] 
libertas,  atis,  f.  3,  freedom. 

[liber.] 
licentia,   ae,   f.    1,  freedom, 

boldness,     [licet.] 
licet,  ui,  V.  impers. ,  it  is  law- 
fid  (w.  DAT. ) ;  licet  mihi,  / 
may. 
Ligures,   um,   m.   3    (plur.), 
Ligurians,     a    people     on 
the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of 
Genoa. 
Lilybaeum,    i,  n.  2,   a  town 
near  the  western  extremity 
of  Sicily.     See  Map. 
limus,  i,  m.  2,  mud. 
linter,  tris,  f.  3,  boat. 
liquesco,  licui,  v.  n.  3,  melt. 

[liqueo.] 
liquidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  clear, 

transparent,     [liqueo.] 
littera,  ae,  f.  1,  letter  (of  the 
alphabet)  ;  litterae  (plur.), 
a  despatch,  epistle. 
loco,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  place, 

pitch  (camp),     [locus.] 
locus,  i,  m.  2,  plur.  loca,  n., 
place  ;  in  locum  (w.  gen.), 
in  place  of. 
longe,  adv.,  ?)2/./a^.    [long«s.] 
longinquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dis- 
tant,    [longus.j 


134 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


Longuntica,  ae,  f.  I,  a  town 

of  Spain. 
longus,    a,    um,    adj.,    long; 

navis  longa,  a  nhip  of  war. 
Longus,    i,    m.    2,   a   Roman 

surname. 
loquor,    locutus,    v.    dep.    3, 

speakf  say. 
lorum,  i,  n.  2,  thong. 
lubrlcus,    a,    um,    adj.,  alip- 

pety. 
Luca,  ae,  f.  1,  Lucca^  a  town 

in  Etruria.     See  Map. 
luctatio,  onis,  f.  3,  struggle. 

[luctor.] 
luctus,  us,  m.  4,  grit/,  [lugeo.] 
luo,   i,   Itum,   V.   a.    3,   atone 

for. 
liipus,  i,  m.  2,  wolf. 
Lusitania,  ae,  f.  1,  the  western 

part  of  Spain, 
lustre,   avi,   atum,    v.    a.    1, 

purify.     [lustrum.] 
Lutatius,  ii,  m.  2,  name  of  a 

Roman  clan, 
lutum,  i,  n.  2,  mud.     [luo.] 
lux,    cis,    f.    3,    light,    day ; 

prima       lux,        daybreak. 

[luceo.] 

M.,  abbreviation  for  Marcus, 
i,  m.  2,  a  Roman  name, 
[marcus,  a  hammer.] 

macto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
alay  (in  sacrifice). 

maestus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sorrow- 
fid,     [cp.  maereo.] 

Magalus,  i,  m.  2,  a  Gallic 
chieftain. 

magis,  compar.  adv.,  more. 
[cp.  magnus.] 

magister,  tri,  m.  2,  master. 
[cp.  magnus.] 


magistratus,  us,  m.  4,  magis- 
trate, office,     [magister.] 

mag^iitudo,  inis,  f.  3,  size, 
importance,     [magnus.] 

magrn-cpfire,  adv.,  greatly. 
[magnus,  opus.] 

magnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (freat. 

Mago,  onis,  m.  3,  brother  of 
Hannibal. 

Maharbal,  illis,  m.  3,  son  of 
Himilco,  a  distinguished 
Carthaginian  cavalry  offi- 
cer. 

maiestas,  atis,  f.  3,  greatness, 
dignity,     [maior.  ] 

maior,  us,  compar.  adj., 
greater ;  maior  natu,  older ; 
maiores,  ancestors,  [mag- 
nus.] 

male,  adv.,  badly,     [malus.] 

xnalo,  malle,  ui,  v.  a.,  choose 
rather,  prefer.  [magis, 
volo.  ] 

malum,  i,  n.  2,  evil,  misfor- 
tune,    [mains.] 

malus,  a,  um,  adj.,  bad. 

mancipium,  ii,  n.  2,  slave. 
[manus,  capio  ] 

mandatum,  i,  n.  2,  command. 
[mando.] 

mando,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
entrust,  command,  [manus, 
do.] 

Mandonius,  ii,  m.  2,  a  Spanish 
cliieftain. 

maneo,  mansi,  sum,  v.  n.  2, 
remain. 

m9jies,  ium,  m.  3  (plur.), 
spirit  (of  a  dead  person) ; 
spirits  (of  the  dead),  [ma- 
nus, adj.] 

manipiilus,  i,  m.  2,  company; 
in   the    Roman  army   the 


VOCABULARY. 


135 


legion      contained     thirty 
manipuli. 
Manlius,  ii,   m.   2,  a  Roman 

clan  name, 
m&niis,  us,  f.  4,  hand,  body 

of  men  ;   manus  conserere, 

to  engage  in  battle. 
mare,  is,  n.  3,  sea. 
maritimus,    a,   um,    adj.,   on 

the     sea-shore,     sea-going. 

[mare.] 
Martius,     a,     um,    adj.,    of 

March,     [Mars.] 
Massilia,  ae,  f.  1,  Marseilles. 

^Ve  Map. 
Massilienses,  ium,  m.  3  (plur. ), 

the  people  of  Marseilles, 
matrona,   ae,   f.    1,  married 

woman ;    also    as    a   title, 

matrona    luno,    Juno   who 

presides      over      marriage. 

[mater.] 
maturius,      compar.       adv., 

earlier,     [mature.] 
maxlme,  superlat.  adv.,  most, 

especially,     [magnus.] 
maximus,    a,    um,    superlat. 

adj.,     greatest  ;      maximus 

natu,  eldest,     [magnus.  ] 
Maximus,   i,   m.   2,   surname 

of  Quintus  Fabius. 
mecum,   for    cum    me,    roith 

me. 
medeor,  no  perf.,  v.  dep.  2, 

remedy,  heal. 
mediterraneus,  a,  um,   adj., 

inland;     used     in     neut.^ 

plur.,    understand    Moca.' 

[medius,  terra.] 
medius,  a,  um,  adj.,  middle, 

in  the  middle  ;  medium  ag- 

men,    the    middle    of    the 

column. 


melior,    ius,    compar.    adj., 
better,  used  as  comparative 
of  bonus, 
membrum,  i,  n.  2,  limb. 
mfemor,    is,     adj.,    mindful. 

[cp.  memini.] 
memorabilis,  e,  adj.,  worthy 

to  be  related,     [memoro.  ] 
memoria,  ae,  f.  1,  mtmoi-y, 

[memor.] 
memoro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

relate,  declare,     [memor.] 
mensis,  is,  m.  3,  month. 
mereo,  ui,  itum,  v.  n.  2,  earn ; 
serve    (as    a    soldier),    for 
•mereo  stipendium.' 
meritum,  i,  n.  2,  desert,  ser- 
vice,    [mereo.] 
metuo,  ui,  utum,  v.  a.  3, /ear. 

[metus.] 
metus,  us,  m.  4,  fear. 
meus,  a,  um,  possessive  pron., 

my,  mine,     [mei.] 
mice,   ui,  no   sup.,  v.   n.   1, 

dart,  flash. 
miles,  Itis,  m.  3,  soldier,  the 

soldiers  (collective). 
militaris,  e,  ad]. ,  of  a  soldier. 

[miles.] 
militia,  ae,  f.  1,  military  ser- 
vice, campaign,     [miles.] 
mill  to,   avi,   alum,    v.    n.    I. 
serve  (as  a  soldier),    [miles.  ] 
mille,  indecl.  in  sing.  ;  plur. 
millia,  ium,  n.  3,  thousand. 
See  ch.  14-2,  note  1. 
mlnisterium,  ii,  n.  2,  employ- 

ment.     [minister.] 
minor,      atus,     v.     dep.     1, 

threaten. 
minor,  compar.  adj.,  smaller, 
used    as    comparative    of 
'  parvus.' 


136 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  JFAR. 


Minucius,  ii,  m.  2,  name  of  a 
Roman  clan. 

minuo,  ui,  utum,  lensni. 
[minus.] 

minus,  compar.  adv.,  less; 
sometimes  almost  equiva- 
lent to  a  negative,  not. 
[minor.] 

minus,  n.  of  minor,  used  as 
subst.,  less  (w.  GEN.). 

miror,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  won- 
der^ admire. 

misceo,  scui,  xtum,  v.  a.  2, 
min<jb\  confuse. 

miserabills,  e,  adj.,  wretched. 
[miseror.] 

mlsere,  adv.,  miseraUy. 
[miser.] 

misericordia,    ae,   f.    1,  pity 

(w.  (iKN.  of  o])ject).    [miser, 
cor.] 

miseror,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  pity 

[miser.] 
mitigo,  avi,    atum,  v.  a.    1, 

make  ijentle.     [mitis.] 
mitto,  mlsi,  inissum,  v.  a.  3, 

send. 
mobilis,    e,    adj.,    moveable. 

[moveo.] 
modicus,    a,    um,    adj.,    mo- 
derate, small,     [modus.] 
modo,    adv.,    oidy,   provided 

that ;    modo    ne,    provided 

that  ..  not  ;   modo  ...  modo, 

now ...  now. 
modus,    i,     m.    2,    measure, 

limit. 
moenia,   orum,  n.   3   (plur. ), 

walls,     [cp.  munio.] 
mdles,  is,  f.  3,  mass. 
moleste,  adv.,  with  difiindty  ; 

moleste  ferre,  to  he  annoyed   i 

at.     [moles.] 


molior,  Itus,  v.  dep.  4,  strive. 

[moles.] 
mollio,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v.  a. 

4,  so/ten.     [mollis.] 
mollis,  e,  adj.,  soft,   [moveo.] 
momentum,  i,  n.  2,  iinpidse, 

iiijlnence.     [moveo.] 
moneo,    ui,    itum,    v.   a.    2, 

advise,  ivatni. 
mons,    tis,   m.    3,   mountain. 

[mineo.] 
montanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  the 

mountains;  montani,  wow/i- 

taineers.     [mons.] 
mora,  ae,  f.  1,  delay. 
morior,  mortuus,  v.  dep.  3, 

die. 
moror,  atus,  v,  dep.  1,  delay. 

[mora.  ] 
mors,   tis,   f.  3,  death,     [mo- 
rior.] 
mortuus,    a,    um,   partic.    of 

inorior,  dead. 
mos,  ris,  m.  3,  custom,  man- 
ner. 
motus,  us,  m.   4,  movement, 

disturbance  ;  terrae  motus, 

earthquake,     [moveo.  ] 
moveo,    movi,    motum,  v.  a. 

2,    move,    stir    up,     begin ; 

also    movere     (understand 

*  se '  or  '  castra '),  to  move^ 

intrans. 
mox,  adv.,  .soo«. 
mulier,  eris,  f.  3,  woman. 
multiplex,    icis,   adj.,    many 

times    as    great,     [multus, 

plico.] 
multitudo,  inis,  f.  3,  number, 

population,     [multus.] 
multo,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 
punish  ;    pecunia   multare, 

to  fine,     [multa.] 


VOCABULARY. 


137 


multo,  adv.,  by  much,  [mul- 
tus.] 

multum,  adv.,  much. 

multus,  a,  um,  adj.,  much, 
many  (in  plural). 

munimentum,  i,  n.  %  fortifi- 
cation, defence,     [munio.] 

munio,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v.  a. 
4,  fortify  ;  construct  (a 
road),     [cp.  moenia.] 

mums,  i,  m.  2,  ivall. 

Mutina,  ae,  f.  1,  Modena,  in 
Northern  Italy.     See  Map. 

muto,  avi.  atum,  v.  a.  J, 
change,     [moveo.] 

nam,  con j.,. /or. 

namque,  con j., /or. 

nanciscor,  nactus,  v.  dep.  3, 
obtain. 

natura,  ae,  f.  1,  nature. 
[natus.] 

natus,  i,  m.  2,  son.  [partic. 
of  nascor.] 

natus,  us,  m.  4,  birth,  [nas- 
cor. ] 

nauta,  ae,  m.  1,  sailor,  [na- 
vis.] 

nauticus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  the 
sailors,     [nauta.  ] 

navaiis,  e,  adj.,  of  ships-, 
socii  navales,  the  ahip^s 
crews. 

navis,  is,  f.  3,  ship. 

ne,  conj.,  not  (in  prohibi- 
tions), that. ..not  (in  in- 
direct command  or  advice) ; 
that...  not,  lest  (in  final 
clauses)  ;  ne  ...  quidem,  not 
even. 
-n6,  enclitic  particle,  mark- 
ing a  question,  not  trans- 
lated in  direct  questions ;  in 


indirect  questions,  whether, 
or  ichether. 
nebula,  ae,  f.  1,  mist. 
nee     (=neque),     conj.,     and 
...noty     nor;      nee  ...nee, 
neither ...  nor. 
necessarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  in- 
dispensable, barely  sufficient. 
[necesse.] 
necesse,  adj.,  n.  indecl. ,  «ece«- 

fiary. 
necessitas,  atis,  f.  3,  necessity. 

[necesse.  ] 
negligentia,  ae,  f.  1,  careless- 
ness,    [negligo.] 
n6go,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 

deny. 
neg-otium,  ii,  n.  2,  business, 

task,     [nee,  otium.] 
nemo,  Inis,  m.  3,  no  one.    [ne, 

homo.] 
neque,  see  nee. 
nequiquam,    adv.,    in    vain. 

[ne,  quiquam.] 
nervus,  i,  m.  2,  sineic. 
ni,  see  nisi, 
nihil,  indecl.  n.,  nothing;  as 

adv.,  not  at  all. 
nihilum,    i,    n.    2,    nothing; 
nihilo,    by  nothing,   in    no 
respect,     [ne,  hilum.] 
nimius,  a,  um,  adj.,  too  much, 

excessive,     [nimis.] 
nisi    or    ni,    conj.,   if...  not, 

unless. 
nivalis,  e,  adj.,  snowy,  [nix.] 
nivosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  mixed 

with  .fnow.     [nix.] 
nix,  nivis,  f.  3,  snow. 
no,   navi,  no   sup.,   v.   n.    1, 

swim. 
nobilis,  e,  adj., /awows,  dis- 
tinguished,    [nosco.] 


138 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


nobilitas,  atis,  f.  3,  the  nohlea 

(collective).     [nol)ilis.] 
nobis-cum,    for    cum    nobis, 

ivilli  MS. 
nocturnus,    a,    urn,   adj.,   hy 

nitjht.     [nox.] 
nolo,  nolle,  nolui,    v.    n.,  he 

nnwil/iutj.     [non,  volo.] 
nomen,    Inis,    n.     3,    name, 

[nosco.] 
non,  adv.,  not.     [ne,  unum.] 
nonaginta,   indecl.    numeral, 

ninety,     [nonus,] 
non-dum,  adv.,  no^ye^.    [non, 

diim.] 
nonus,    a,    um,    num.    adj., 

ninth,     [novein.] 
nos,  nostri  or  nostrum,  pron., 

we. 
nosco,  novi,  notum,  v.  a.  3,  re- 

cotfii/se  ;  novi  ( perf . ),  I  know. 
noscito,  avi,  atum,   v.  a.    1, 

recofjnise. 
noster,  tra,  trum,  poss.  pron. , 

our,  ours,      [nos.] 
Nova  Classis,  Novae  Classis, 

f.    1,    3,    a  port  in  Spain, 

position  uncertain, 
novem,  indecl.  num.,  nine. 
noven-dialis,   e,  adj.,  laatinq 

nine  days,     [novein,  dies.] 
noveni,    ae,    a,    adj.,    distri- 
butive numeral,  nine  each. 

[novem.] 
novus,    a,    um,     adj.,    new '^ 

novae  res,  change  of  govern- 

ment ;  novissimus,  lant. 
nox,  nootis,  f.  3,  night. 
nubes,  is,  f.  3,  cloud. 
nudo,    avi,    atum,   v.    a.     1, 

.strip,     [nudus.] 
nudus,   a,    um,    adj.,   naked, 

bare. 


nullus,  a,  um,  adj.,  no,  none. 

[ne,  uUus.] 
numgrus,    i,   m.   2,   number, 

quantity. 
Numida,  ae,  m.  1,  Numidian, 

used  also  as  an  adjective, 
nunc,    adv.,    now,     nunc... 

nunc,  at  one  time  ...at  an- 
other time. 
nunquam,  adv.,  never,     [ue, 

unquam.] 
nuntio,    avi,   atum,   v.   a.    1, 

announce,     [nuntius.] 
nuntius,  ii,  m.  2,  messenger, 

news. 
mipeT,  a.dv.,  lately,     [novus.] 
nusquam,   adv.,  nowhere,   in 

no  part.     [ne»  usquam.] 

ob,  prep.  w.  acc.,  on  account 

of. 
ob-equito,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 

ride  up  to.     [equito.] 
ob-iicio,  iicere,  ieci,  iectum, 

V.     a.     3,     throw    against, 

throw  in  the  way,  expose. 

[iacio.] 
obl9.tu8,  partic.  of  offero. 
ob-ligfo,  avi,   atum,   v.   a.    1, 

hind.     [llgo.  ] 
ob-ruo,    ui,   fltum,   v.   a.    3, 

cover,  overwhelm,     [ruo.] 
ob-sero,  sevi,  situm,  v.  a.  3, 

plant  over,     [sero.] 
ob-servans,  tis,  adj.,  careful 

(w.   (JEN.   of  object),     [ob- 

servo.] 
Ob-servo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.   1, 

respect,  regard,     [servo.] 
ob-ses,    idis,    m.    3,   hostage. 

[obsideo.] 
ob-sideo,  sedi,  sessum,  v.  a. 

2,  besiege.     [sedeo.J 


VOCABULARY. 


139 


obsidio,  onis,  f.  3,  siege,   [ob- 
sideo.] 
ob-sisto,  stiti,  stitum,  v.  n.  3, 
resist  (sometimes  w.  dat.). 
[sisto.] 
Ob-8to,  stiti,  statum,  v.  n.  1, 
rem^A*?w/er(w.  DAT.)  [sto.] 
ob-testor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  im- 
plore,    [testor.] 
Ob  tineo,  tinui,  tentum,  v.  a. 

2,  hold,  cover,     [teneo.] 
ob-torpesco,  torpui,  v.  n.   3, 

grow  numb,     [torpeo.] 
ob-trunco,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

slay,     [truncus.] 
ob-tiili,  perf.  of  ofFero. 
ob-viam,  adv.,  in  the  way  ;  ire 
obviam  (w.  DAT.),  to  meet. 
[via.] 
ob-vius,   a,  um,  adj.,   in  the 

way,  meeting,     [via.] 
OC-casiO,  onis,  f.  3,  opportu- 
nity,    [occldo.] 
oc-ca.8U8,   us,   m.   4,    setting. 

[occldo.  ] 
OC-cido,  cidi,  ciisum,  v.  n.  3, 
set{oi  heavenly  bodies),/a//. 
[ob,  cado.] 
oc  cido,  cidi,  cisum,  v.  a.  3, 

kill,     [ob,  caedo.] 
oc-culo,  ui,  tum,  V.  a.  3,  con- 
ceal,    [cp.  celo.] 
oc-culte,  adv.,  secr6</y, superl. 

occultissime.     [occulo.] 
oc-cumbo,  cubui,  cubltum,/ie 

doivn.     [ob,  cumbo.] 
oc-ciipo,  avi,  atum,   v.  a.   1, 
■seize,  occupy,     [ob,  capio.] 
oc-curro,  curri,  cursum,  v.  n. 
3,  meet  (usually  w.  dat.). 
[ob,  curro.] 
Oceanus,  i,  m.  2,  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 


ocius,    compar.    adv.,    more 

quickly,     [ocior.] 
octingenti,    ae,    a,    numeral 
adj.,  plur.,  eight  hundred. 
[octo,  centum.] 
octo,  indecl.  numeral,  eight. 
oculus,  i,  m.  2,  eye. 
odi,  odisse,  osum,  v.  a.  def.  ; 

perf.  in  pres.  sense,  hate. 
odium,  ii,  n.  2.  hatred,  ani- 
mosity,    [odi.  ] 
odor,  oris,  m.  3,  smell. 
of-ffiro,  f erre,  obtttli,  oblatum, 
V.  a. ,  offe.r,  grant,   [ob,  f ero.  ] 
of-flciuni,  ii,  n.  2,  duty,  [opem, 

facio.] 
Olcades,  um,  m.  3  (plur.),  a 
people  of  Spain.     See  Map. 
oleum,  i,  n.  2,  oil. 
olim,  adv. ,  formerly.     [oUe, 

for  ille.] 
oUtorius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  vege- 
tables,    [olus.] 
oliva,  ae,  f.  1,  olive. 
omen,  inis,  n.  3,  sign,  omen. 
o-mitto,  misi,  missum,  v.  a. 
3,   leave  out,    drop,     [ob, 
mitto.] 
omnia,  e,  adj.,  all,  every. 
onSro,    avi,   atum,    v.    a.    1, 

weigh  dawn,  [onus.] 
onus,  6ris,  n .  3,  burden. 
Onusa,   ae,   f.    1,    a  place   in 

Spain. 
opera,  ae,  f.   1,  help,  pains; 
operae  pretium,  ivorth  the 
trouble  ;    operam    dare,    to 
take  pains,     [opus.] 
o-perio,  ui,  tum,  v.  a.  4,  cover. 

[cp.  aperio.] 
operor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1 ,  work, 
be   busied  (especially   with 
sacred  things),     [opus.] 


140 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  1VAR. 


opis,   gen.    (no  noni.),   f.    3. 

help  ;    in  plur.,  power,  re- 
sources. 
oportet,  uit,  v.  impers.  2,  it 

is  riijht. 
op-perior,  peritus  or  pertus, 

V.  dep.  4,  waif  for. 
op-p6to,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  v.  a. 

3,  meet  (death),    [ob,  pcto.] 
oppidS,nus,  a,  um,  adj.,  towns- 

m<in.     [oppidum.] 
oppTdum,  i,  n.  2,  toiim. 
op  pdno,  posui,  positum,  v.  a. 

3,  set  against  ( w.  dat.  ).   [ob, 

pono.] 
op-primo,  pressi,  pressum,  v. 

A.  l\,  fall  upon,  destroy,  [ob, 

premo.] 
op-pugnatio,  onis,  f.  3,  attach 

[oppugno.] 
op-pugno,  avi,  atiim,  v.  a.   1, 

attack,     [ob,  pugno.] 
optimus,  a,  um,  superl.  adj., 

best. 
opto,  avi,atuiTi,  v.  a.  1,  desire. 
opulentus,  a,  uin,adj.  ^wealthy, 

profitable,     [opes.] 
opus,  eris,  n.  3,  work\  in  plur., 

xie<je  works. 
opus,   n.   indecl.,   need  (with 

the  verb  sum). 
era,  ae,  f.  1,  nhore. 
orator,  oris,  m.  3,  orator,  am- 
bassador,    [oro.] 
ordino,   avi,   atum,    v.   a.    1, 

arrange,     [ordo.] 
ordior,  orsus,  v.  dep.  4,  herfin. 
ordo,  Tnis,  m.  3,  order,  rank. 
orior,  ortus,   v.   dep.  4,  ri-se, 

boffin,  spring  ;  ab  orto  sole, 

from  sunrise. 
oro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  pray 

for.     [os,  oris.] 


OS,  oris,  n.  3,  mouth  ;  in  plur., 

face. 
OS,  ossis,  n.  3,  bone. 
OS  tendo,  di,  sum  or  tum,  v. 

a.  3,  show,     [ob,  tendo.] 
OS  tento,  .avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

point  out.     [ostendo.] 
ostium,  ii,  n.  2,  mouth  (of  a 

river),     [os.] 
dtium,  ii,  n.  2,  leisure  ;   per 

otium,  at  leisure. 

P.,  abbreviation  for  Publius, 

a  Roman  name, 
pabiilum,    i,    n.    2,   fodder, 

ffra.<is.     [op.  pasco.] 
paco,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 

pacify,  subdue,     [pax.] 
Padus,  i,  m.  2,  the  river  Po. 

See  Map. 
paene,  adv.,  almost. 
paenitet,  uit,  v.  impers.  2,  it 

repents. 
palam,  adv.,  openly;   palam 

facere,  to  maJce  known. 
palor,  atus,  v.  n.   1,  wander 

about. 
palus,  udis,  f.  3,  marsh. 
paluster,  tris,  e,  a.dj., marshy, 

(of     plants)     growing     in 

marshes,     [palus,  ] 
pando,  i,  pansum  or  passum, 

v.  a.  3,  open,  ex/end. 
par,  pjlris,  adj.,  equal;   also 

used  as  subst.  n.,  a  pair. 
parco,   peperci,   parcltum  or 

parsum,  v.  n.  3,  spare  (w. 

DAT. ). 

parens,    tis,    m.    and    f.    3, 

parent,     [pario.] 
paxeo,  ui,  itum,  v.  n.  2,  obey 

(W.    DAT.). 

pario,  parere,  peperi,  partum, 


VOCABULABY. 


Ul 


V.  a.  3,  bring  forth,  produce, 
gain. 
parXter,  adv.  ,equally,  together. 

[par.] 
paro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.   1,  get 

ready. 
pars,  tis,  f.  3,  part,  territory; 

pars  ..  pars,  some  ...  others. 

partim,  adv. ,  partly  ;  partim 

partim,     some  . . .  others. 

[pars.] 
parumper,  adv.,  for  a  little 

while,     [parum.] 
parvus,   a,    um,   adj.,    little, 

small. 
pascua,  orum,   n.    2  (plur.), 

pastures. 
passim,  adv.,  in  every  direc- 
tion,    [pando.] 
passus,  us,  m.  4,  pace.     See 

eh.  9,  note  3.     [pando.] 
pate-facio,   facere,   feci,    fac- 
tum,   V.    a.   3,    lay    opni. 
[pateo,  facio.] 
patens,  tis,  adj.,  open,  acces- 
sible,    [pateo.] 
pateo,  ui,  v.  n.  2,  lie  open. 
pater,  tris,  m.  3,  father ;  in 

plur. ,  the  senate. 
patemus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  a 

father,     [pater.] 

patesco,  tui,  no  sup.,  v.  n.  3, 

be  opened,  extend,    [pateo.] 

patiens,  tis,  adj.,  capable  of 

bearing  (w.  gen.  ).  [patior.  ] 

patior,  pati,  passus,  v.  dep. 

3,  endure,  aJlow. 
patria,  ae,  f .  1 ,  native  country. 

[pater.] 
pauci,  ae,  a,  adj.  (plur.),/ew, 

a  few. 
paulatim,    adv.,    gradually. 
[paulum.] 


paulo,  adv.,  by  a  little,  a  short 

time  (before  or  after). 
pavor,    oris,     m.    3,    ;>a«ic. 

[paveo.] 
pax,  pacis,  f.  3,  peace,     [cp. 

paciscor.] 
pectus,  oris,  n.  3,  breast. 
pecunia,    ae,    f.    1,    money. 

[pecus.] 
pficus,  Oris,  n.  3,  fock,  herd. 
pficus,  ildis,  f.  3,  animal. 
pedes,  Itis,  m.  3,  foot  soldier ; 
(collective)  infantry,    [pes, 
eo.] 
pedester,  tris,  e,  adj.,  on  foot, 

of  infantry,     [pedes.] 
pedetentim,  adv. ,  step  by  step, 

cautiously,     [pes,  tendo.] 

pedica,  ae,  f.  1,  snare,     [pes.] 

pel-licio,  lic6re,  lexi,  lectum, 

V.  a.  3,  entice,     [per,  lacio.] 

pello,  pepflli,  pulsum,  v.  a.  3, 

drive  away,  rout. 
penates,  ium,  m.   3  (plur.), 
household  gods,  home.    [cp. 
penitus,  penetro.] 
pendeo,  pependi,  no  sup.,  v. 

n.  2,  hang. 
pendo,  pependi,  pensum,  v. 
a.  3.  pay.     [lit.  weigh  ;  cp. 
pendeo.  ] 
penes,  prep,  w,  acc,  belong- 
ing to,  in  the  power  of. 
per,*  prep.  w.  acc,  through, 
during ^  over,  by  means  of; 
per  se,  by  himself  or  them- 
selves ;  per  otium,  a<  leisure ; 
per  hostem,  so  far  as  the 
enemy  were  concerned. 
per-agn^o,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

traverse,     [ager.] 
per-angustus,    a,    um,    adj., 
very  narrow,     [angustus.] 


142 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


per-cello,  culi,  culsum,  v.  a. 

3,  strike,     [op.  celer.] 
per-citus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  excit- 

able,     [percieo.] 
per-contor,  atus,   v.  dep.    I, 

ask. 
per-cutio,  cutere,  cussi,  cus- 

siim,  V.  a.  3,  strike,  [quatio.  ] 
per-do,  didi,  ditum,  v.  a.  3, 

lose,  destroy,     [do.] 
per-duco,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

lead  through,     [duco.] 
per-eo,    Ire,    ii,   ituni,   v.   n., 

perish,  he  destroyed,     [eo.] 
per-fero,  ferre,  tali,  latum,  v. 

a.  ^endiir  e, convey  y  announce. 

[fero.] 
per-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum, 

V.  a.  3,  finish,     [facie] 
per-fidia,  ae,  f.  1,  treachery. 

[fides.] 
per-friiigo,fregi,  fractuni,  v.  a. 

3,  break  throiigh.    [f range] 
per-fugrio,  fugere,  ffigi,  fugl- 

tum,  V.  n.  3, escape,   [f ugio.] 
per-fuffium,  ii,  n.  2,  refuge. 

[fugio.] 
per-go,    perrexi,    perrectum, 

V.  n.  3,  jyroceed.  [per,  rego.] 
peri-culum,  i,  n.  2,  danger. 
per  imo,  emi,  emptum,  v.  a. 

3,     destroy.       [emo,     take 

array. '\ 
per-misceo,  miscui,    mixtum 

or  mistum,  v.  a.  2,  mingle. 

[misceo.] 
per-nocto,  avi,  atiim,  v.  n.  1, 

paxs  the  night,     [nox.] 
per-opportunus,  a,  um,  adj., 

very  seafionnble.     [opportu- 

nus.] 
per-rumpo,  rnpi,  ruptum,  v.  a. 

3,  break  through,     [nimpo.] 


per-scindo,  scldi,  scissum,  v. 

a.  3,  tear,     [scindo.] 
per-spicio,     spicere,     spexi, 

spectum,  V.  a.  3,  see  clearly. 

[specio.] 
per-suadeo,    si,    sum,    v.    n. 

2,     persuade     (w.     DAT.). 

[suadeo.  ] 
per-traho,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

draw  over,     [traho.] 
per-vado,  si,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  go 

through,     [vado.  ] 
per-vasto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

lay  waste  utterly,     [vasto.] 
per-venio,   veni,   ventum,    v. 

n.  4,  arrive,     [venio.] 
per-vius,  a,    um,  adj.,  pass- 
able,    [via.  ] 
pes,  pedis,  m.  3,  foot,  either 

simply  or  as  a  measure  of 

length. 
peto,  ivi  or  Ii,  itum,  v.  a.  3, 

seek,   aim  at,   attack^    ask, 

ask  for. 
piaculum,  i,  n.  2,  atonement. 

[pio.] 
Picenum,  i,  n.  2,  a  district  of 

Italy,    N.E,    of  the  Apen- 
nines, 
pignus,  oris,  n.  3,  pledge. 
Pisae,  arum,  f.  1  (plur.),  Pisa, 

in  Etruria,     See  Map. 
Flacentia,  ae,  f.  1,  Piacenza 

in  North  Italy.     See  Map. 
placeo,    ui,    Itum,    v.    n.    2, 

please  (w.   DAT.);   placuit, 

it  was  resolved. 
pl9,co,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  ap- 
pease,    [cp.  placeo.] 
planum,  i,  n.  2,  level  ground. 
planus,  a,  um,  adj.,  level. 
plebs,  plebis,  f.  3,  the  common 

people,     [cp.  plenus.] 


VOCABULARY, 


143 


plerumque,  adv.,  generally. 
plus,    pluris,     compar.    adj. 
(superl.    plurimus),    more, 
several  (in  plur.);   also  as 
subst.      n.,      plus,      more; 
plurimum,  very  much.    [cp. 
plenus.] 
plus,  adv.  compar.,  more. 
pliiteus,  i,  m.  2,  shelter.    See 

ch.  144,  note  5. 
pluvius,     ii,     m.     2,     rain. 

[pluo.] 
poena,   ae,  f.   1,  punishment. 

[cp.  punio.] 
Foeni,    orum,    m.    2    (plur.), 
Carthaginians  (lit.   Phceni- 
cians). 
polliceor,    Itus,    v.    dep.    2, 

promise,     [liceor,  hid.] 
Pomponius,   ii,   m.   2,  a   Ro- 
man clan  name, 
pondo,  adv.,  by  weight.     See 

ch.  109,  note  7. 
p6no,  posui,  p6situm,  v.  a.  3, 

place,  pitch  (of  a  camp). 
pons,  tis,  m.  3,  bridge. 
popuiaris,  is,  m.  3,  country- 
man,    [populus.] 
populatlo,  onis,  f .  3,  plunder- 
ing,    [populo.] 
populor,  atus,  v.  dep.   1,  lay 

waafe.     [populus.] 
poptQus,  i,  m.  2,  people,  tribe, 

district. 
por-rigo,   rexi,  rectum,  v.  a. 
3,  stretch  out,  extend,    [pro, 
rego.] 
porta,  ae,  f.  1,  gate. 
porto,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 

carry. 
portus,  us,  m.  4,  harbour. 
posco,  poposci,  no  sup.,  v.  a. 
3,  demand. 


pos  sessio,  onis,  f.  3,  posses- 
sion,    [possideo.] 
pos-sideo,  sedi,  sessum,  v.  a. 

2,  possess,  hold,     [sedeo.] 
possum,     posse,      potui,     no 
sup.,  V.  n.,   he  able,  may. 
[potis,  sum.] 
post,  prep.  w.  ACC,  after,  be- 
hind. 
post,  adv.,  afterwards. 
post-ea,      adv.,     afterwards. 

[post.] 
posterns,  a,  um,  adj.,  next; 
posteri,  posterity,     [post.] 
post-hac,     adv.,    after    this. 

[post.] 
post  quam,  conj.,  when. 
postremo,  adv.   superlat.,  at 

last,     [posterns.] 
postrSmus,  a,  um,  superlat. 

adj.,  last,     [posterus.] 
postulatio,    onis,    f.    3,    de- 
mand,    [postulo.] 
potentia,    ae,    f.     1,    power. 

[potis.] 
potestas,    atis,   f.    3,   potver, 

permission,     [potis.] 
p6tio,     onis,     f.     3,     drink. 

[poto.] 
potior,  Itus,  V.  dep.  4,  gam 
posfiessim,  of  (w.    gen.    or 
ABL. ). 
potissimus,    a,     um,    super- 
lat.  adj.,  most   important  \ 
potissimum,     adv. ,     most. 
[potis.] 
potius,  adv.  compar.,  rather. 
prae,  prep.  w.  abl.,  before, 

by  reason  of. 
prae-altus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very 

deep,     [altus.] 
prae-beo,  ui,  Itum,   v.   a.  '-, 
give,  render,    [prae,  habeo.] 


144 


THE  IIANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


prae-ceps,  cipTtis,  adj.,  head- 
long,    precipitous.      [prae, 

caput.  ] 
prae  cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  cep- 

tum,  V.  n.  3,  enjoin,     [prae, 

capio.  ] 
prae-cipito,  avi,  atiim,  v.  a. 

and  n.  1,  throiv  down  ;  also 

(in  trans. )  fall,     [praeceps.  ] 
praecipue,    adv. ,    especially. 

[praecipio.] 
praeda,  ae,  f.  1,  booty. 
praedator,  oris,  ni.    3,  jdun- 

derer.     [praedor.  ] 
praedor,    atus,    v.    dep.     1, 

plundi'V.     [praeda.] 
prae-eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum, 

V.  n.,  f/o  before,     [eo.] 
prae  fan,  fatus,  v.  defect.  1, 

say  beforehand,     [fari.] 
prae-fectus,    i,    m.    2,    com- 

mnndtr.     [praeficio.] 
prae-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectuni, 

V.  a.  3,  place  in  command 

over  (w.  DAT.). 
prae-gredlor,   gressus,    v.   n. 

4,  f/o  before,     [gradior.] 
prae-leg^o,  legi,  lectum,  v.  a. 

3,  coast  along,     [lego.] 
prae-mitto,     misi,     missuni, 

V.    a.     3,     send   forward. 

[mitto.] 
praemium,    ii,    n.    2,   jtrizey 

reward,     [prae,  enio] 
prae-occupo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a. 

I,  occupy  beforehand,     [oc- 

cupo,] 

prae  paro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

prepare,     [paro.  ] 
prae-pdno,  posui,  positum,  v. 

A.  \^,  prefer,     [pono,] 
prae-propere,      adv.,      very 

hastily,     [properus.] 


prae  ruptus,  a,  urn,  adj., 
ru(j</ed.     [rumpo.] 

prae-sens,  tis,  adj.,  present. 
[prae,  sum.] 

prae-sidium,  ii,  n.  2,  giiard, 
garrvion.     [praesideo.] 

praesto,  stiti,  stitum,  v.  a.  1, 
perform,  fjnarantee.     [sto.] 
,  prae-tendo,  di,  tum,  v.  a.  3, 
stretch  along,     [tendo.] 

praeter,  prepos.  w.  acc,  be- 
sides, except^  along. 

praeter-ea,  adv. ,  besides. 
[praeter.] 

praeter-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  la- 
tum, v.  a.,  carry  ;)a,.s^  [fero.] 

praeter-mitto,  misi,  missum, 
v.  a.  3,  omit,     [mitto.] 

praeter- quam,  adv.,  besides. 
[praeter.] 

praetor,  oris,  m.  3,  the  prae- 
tor, a  Roman  magistrate, 
charged  first  with  the  ad- 
nnnistration  of  justice. 

praetorium,  ii,  n.  2,  the 
generaVs  tenty  head-quar- 
ters,    [praetor.] 

prae-ustus,  a,  um,  &d]., frost- 
bitten, [prae-uro,  to  bum 
at  the  end.'\ 

prandeo,  di,  sura,  v.  n.  2, 
take  breakfast. 

precatio,  onis,  f.  3,  prayer. 
[precor.] 

precor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1 ,  pray. 
[preces.] 

pr6mo,  pressi,  pressum,  v.  a. 
3,  press,  oppress. 

pretiosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  valu- 
able,    [pretium.] 

pretium,  ii,  n.  2.  price,  value^ 
payment ;  operae  pretium, 
ivorth  the  trouble. 


VOCABULARY. 


145 


pri-dle,  adv.,  on  the  day  be- 
fore,    [prae,  dies.] 
primo,  adv.,  at  first. 
primSres,  um,  m.   3  (plur.), 

the  chief  men.     [primus.] 
primum,  adv.,/rs«. 
primus,  a,  um,  adj.  super!., 
first,  earliest  \  primum  ag- 
men,  thefroiU  of  the  column. 
[prae.] 
prin-ceps,  cipis,  m.  3,  a  chtej  ; 
also  as  adj. ,  chief,    [primus, 
capio.]  . 

prin-cipium,  ii,  n.  2,  begin- 
ning,    [prince  ps.] 
prior,      us,      adj.,     former. 

[prae.  ] 
prius,   adv.,  first    (of    two). 

[prior.] 
prius-quam,      conj.,      before 

that,     [prius.  ] 
privatlm,     adv.,     privately. 

[privatus.] 
privfttus,  a,  um,  a,A.y ,  private. 

[privo.] 

pro,   prep.   w.    abl.,   bejore, 

for,  in  accordance  with,  in 

proportion  to,  in  return  for. 

proboscis,   Idis,   f.    3,  trunk. 

[Greek  irpopoaKis.'] 
pro-cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n. 

3,  go  forward,     [cedo.] 
pro-cido,  cidi,  no  sup.,  v.  n. 

3, /a//,     [cado.] 
pro-clivis,  e,  adj.,  down-hill, 

easy,     [clivus.] 
procul,  adv. ,  far  off.      [pro- 
cello.] 
pro-cumbo,  cubui,    cub! tum, 
V.  n.  ^,  fall  down,  [cumbo.] 
pro-euro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
provide  for,   expiate.     See 
ch.  85,  note  1. 


pro-digium,  ii,  n.  2,  portent. 

[cp.  digitus.] 
pro-ditio,  onis,  f.  3,  treachery, 

delivering  up.     [prodo.] 
pro-fecto,     adv.,     certainly. 

[pro,  factum.] 
pro-ficiscor,  fectus,  v.  dep.  3, 

set  out.     [facio.] 
pro-fiigo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

overthrow. 
pro-fugio,  fugfire,  fugi,  ftigi- 
tum,  V.  n.  Z,  fly  for  refuge. 
[fugio.] 
pro-fundus,  a,  um,  adj.,rfeep. 
pro  gredior,    grfidi,    gressus, 
V.  dep.  3,  advance,     [gra- 
dior.] 
pro-bibeo,  ui,  itum,  v.  a.  Z, 
oppose,  prevent,     [habeo.] 
pro-iicio,  iic6re,  ieci,  iectum, 
V.  a.  3,  throw  down,   [iacio.  ] 
pro-iabor,    lapsus,    v.    dep., 

slip  down,     [labor.] 
pro  montorium,  ii,  n.  2,  head- 
land,    [mens.] 
prope,   prep.  w.  acc,  near, 

nearly. 
prope,  adv.,  almost. 
propere,      adv.,      hurriedly. 

[properus.] 
propinquo,  avi,  atum,  v.  n. 

1,  approach,     [prope.] 
propinquus,  a,  um,  adj., wear, 
(w.    DAT.),    immediate;   as 
subst.,  relative,     [prope.] 
propior,    us,    adj.    compar., 

nearer. 
pro-pono,   posui,  positum,  v. 
a.    3,   set    before,   display. 

[pono.] 
pro-praetor,  oris,  m.   3,  i^^-o- 
praetor,  the  delegate  of  the 
consul,     [praetor.] 


146 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


propter,  prepos.  w.  acc,  on 

account  of.     [prope.] 
propter-ea,  adv.,  on  that  ac- 
count,    [propter.] 
pro  pugrnaculum,  i,  n.  2,  de- 
fence,    [propugno.] 
prora,  ae,  f.  1,  prow. 
pro-ripio,  rip6re,  rlpui,  rep- 

tum,  V,  a.   3,   tear  away  ; 

se   proripere,  to  rush  out. 

[rapio.] 
pro-rogo,  avi,  at  urn,  v.  a.  1, 

extend  (a  period  of  oflBce). 

[rogo.  ] 
pro-ruo,  rui,  nltum,  v.  a.  3, 

throw  doivn.     [ruo.] 
pro-8p§re,   adv.,  fortunately. 

[prosperus.J 
pro-sperus,  a,  um,  adj., /or- 

tiuiate.     [spes.] 
prostemo,    stravi,   stratum, 

V.  a.  3,  throwdown.  [sterno.  ] 
pro-tSgo,  texi,  tectum,  v.  a. 

1,  protect,     [tego.] 
pro-tinus,  adv.,  immediately. 

[teuus.] 
pro-traho,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

proloiuj.     [traho.] 
provincia,  ae,  f.    1,  province. 

See  ch.  30,  note  2. 
proximuB,  a,  um,  adj.  super- 

\'d.t.,  nearesty  nt'xt.    [prope.] 
prudens,    tis,    adj.,    discreet. 

[pro  video.] 
pubes,  eris,  adj. ,  grown  up. 
pubesco,  bui,  v.  n.  3,  growing 

up.     [pubes.] 
publico,  adv.,  publicly. 
publicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  public^ 

belonging     to     the     JState. 

[populus.] 
pudor,    oris,    m.    3,    shamt. 

[pudeo.] 


puer,  i,  m.  2,  hoy. 

pueritia,  ae,   f.    1^   boyhood. 

[puer.] 
pugna,  ae,  f.  1,  battle. 
pug^o,    avi,    atum,   v.   n.    1, 

Jight.     [pugna.] 
pulsus,     us,     m.     4,    stroke. 

[pello.] 
pulvinar,  aris,  n.  3,  a  cov/^h. 

6ee  ch.  108,  note  5.    [pulvi- 

nus.] 
pulvls,  eris,  m.  3,  dust. 
Punlcus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Cartha- 
ginian.    [Poeni.] 
puppis.  Is,  f.  3,  ship's  stemy 

ship. 
piito,    avi,    atum,    v.   a.    1, 

think. 
Pyrenaei,  orum,  adj.  (supply 

'  montes '),    the    Pyrenees. 

See  Map. 

Q.  for  Quintus,  a  Roman 
name. 

qua,  adv.,  ivhere.     [qui.] 

qua-cunque,  adv.,  wherever. 

quadrag^inta,  numeral  in- 
decl.,  jorty.     [quattuor.] 

quadrin  genti,  ae,  a,  nume- 
ral adj.,  four  hundred. 
[quattuor,  centum.] 

quaero,  quaesivi  or  li,  quae- 
situm,  V.  a.  3,  seeky  ask. 

quaestus,  us,  m.  4,  gain^ 
commerce,     [quaero.] 

qualis,  e,  adj.,  such  aSy  a^. 
[quis.] 

quam,  adv. ,  thaUy  as  (answer- 
ing to  tarn),  hotv ;  also 
(with  superl.)  quam  celer- 
rime,  a.v  quickly  as  possible ; 
quam  maximus,  as  great  as 
possible,     [qui.  ] 


VOCABULARY. 


147 


quam-vis,     con].,     althovxjU. 

[quam,  volo.] 
quando,  conj.,  wheUy  since. 
quan-quam,  conj.,  although. 
[quam.]  . 

quanto,  adv.,  by  how  rmich, 

in  proportion  as.  [quantus.  ] 
quantus,  a,  um,  adj.,  as  great 

asy  as  much  as.     [quam. J 
quartus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Jourth. 

[quattuor.] 
quasso,   avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

.shake,     [quatio.] 
quatemi,   ae,   a,  four  each. 

[quattuor.] 
qu&tio,  quatere,  quassi,  quas- 

sum,  V.  a.  3,  shake. 
quatari-duum,   i,   n.   2,  Jour 

days,     [quattuor,  dies.] 
quattuor,    numeral    indecl. , 

four. 

quattuor-decim,  numeral  in- 
decl. ,  fourteen,    [quattuor, 

decern.]  , 

-que,    conj.     enclitic,     and\ 

que  ...  que,  both  ...  and. 
quem-ad-modum,    adv.,    as. 

[lit.  after  what  manner.] 
querimonla,   ae,    f.    1,   com- 
plaint,    [queror.] 
qui,   quae,   quod,    rel.,  whOy 

whaty  which.  . 

quia,  conj.,  because,    [qui.] 
qui-cunque,         quaecunque, 
quodcunque,    relat.,    who- 
ever y  whatever,     [qui.] 
quid,    interrog.   adv.,    ichy  ^ 

[quis.]  , 

qui-dam,    quae-dam,    quoa- 
dam,  pron.,  a  certain  (one). 

[qui.] 
qiddem,    adv.,    indeed;    ne 
...quidem,  not  even. 


quies,  etis,  f.  3,  rest,  sleep. 
quiesco,  evi,  etum,  v.  n.  3, 

rest,     [quies.] 
quietus,  a,  um,  adj.,  peace- 
ful,    [quies.] 
quin,    conj.,   that...  not,   but 

that,     [qui,  ne.] 
quin-decim,  numeral  indecl., 
fifteen,     [quinque,  decem.] 
quin-etiam,   adv.,   moreover. 
[quin.]  , 

quin-genti,    ae,   a,    numeral 
&d].,  fve  hundred,     [quin- 
que, centum.] 
quinquaginta,    numeral    in- 
decl.,//<y.     [quinque-] 
quinque,     numeral     indecl., 

five.  ,  . 

quinque-rgmis,  is,  f.  3,  a  ship 
with  fve    banks    of   oars. 
[renins.] 
quippe,   adv.   and  conj.,  »n- 
deedysince ;  esp.  with  relat., 
since  /,  Ae,  etc.     [quia.] 
quis,  quid  (qui,  quae,  quod, 
adj.),  interr.   pron.,   whof 
what?   ivhich?   also  indef. 
pron.,    anyoney    anylhmgy 
esp.  with  'si'or  'ne. 
quis-nam,  interr.  pron.,  who  f 

what?    [quis.] 
quis-quam,  quae  quam,  quic- 
quam  or  quid-quam,  pron., 
anyoney  anything,    [quis.] 
quis-que,     quae-que,     quod- 
que  (quid  que),  pron.,  each. 

[quis.] 
quis-quis,    quic-quid,   pron., 

whoever y  whatever,     [quis.  J 
quo,  conj.,  whither,  where,  m 

order  that;  with  compar., 

in  proportion  as  (answering 

to*eo').     [qui.] 


148 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


quo-ad,  conj.,  as  far  as. 
[qui,  ad.] 

quod,  conj.,  because,     [qui.] 

quondam,  adv. ,  formerly. 
[quum.] 

quoque,  conj.,  also. 

quot,  adj.  indecl.,  as  many 
as,  answering  to  *  tot.' 

quum,  conj.,  when,  since,  al- 
though.   See  ch.  147,  note  2. 

radix,  icis,  f.  3,  root. 

ramus,  i,  m.  2,  branch,  [cp. 
radix.] 

rapidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  rapid. 
[rapio.] 

rapio,  rapere,  rapui,  raptum, 
V.  a.  3,  carry  off. 

raptim,  adv.,  hurriedly,  [ra- 
pio.] 

raro,  adv.,  seldom,    [rarus.] 

ratis,  is,  f.  3,  raft,  boat. 

ratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  confirmed. 
[reor.] 

recedo,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  n. 
3,  retreat,     [cedo.] 

recens,  tis,  adj.,/re.<<A,  late. 

re-cipio,  cipere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
V.  a.  3,  take  back,  recovery 
receive ;  ae  recipere,  to  re- 
treat,    [capio.] 

reciproco,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
give  and  take ;  reciprocare 
aniinain,  to  breathe,  [reci- 
proous.] 

rectus,  a,  um,  adj.,  straight. 
[rego.] 

re-cupero,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
win  hack.     [cp.  capio.] 

re-cuBO,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
refuse,     [causa.] 

red-do,  didi,  ditum,  v.  a.  3, 
give  backy  render.  [re<l,  do.  ] 


red-eo,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  v.  n., 
go  back,     [red,  eo.] 

red-igo,  egi,  actum,  v.  a.  3, 
drive  back,  reduce. 

red-integro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a. 
1,  renew,     [integer.] 

red-itus,  us,  m.  4,  retuniy 
way  of  retwm.     [redeo.] 

re-dtlco,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 
bring  back,     [duco.] 

re-fero,  referre,  rettuli,  re- 
latum,  V.  a.,  bring  backy 
report,     [fero.  ] 

re-ficio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum, 
V.  a.  3,  build  anetv ;  re- 
fresh,    [facio.] 

re-fiigio,  fuggre,  fiigi,  fugl- 
tum,  V.  a.  3,  fee  back. 
[fugio.] 

rUgio,  onis,  f.  3,  district. 
[rego.]^ 

regnum,  i,  n.  2,  power y  king- 
dom,    [rego.] 

reg^ilus,  i,  m.  2,  chieftain. 
[diminutive  of  rex.] 

relig^io,  onis,  f.  3,  conscien- 
tiousness, fear  of  the  gods. 

re-ligo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
moor  (of  a  ship  or  raft), 
[ligo.] 

re-linquo,  iTqui,  lictum,  v.  a. 
3,  leave,     [linquo.] 

reliquiae,  arum,  f.  1  (plur.), 
remains,     [relinquo.] 

re-llquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  re- 
maining,    [relinquo.] 

re -medium,  ii,  n.  2,  remedy. 
[medeor.] 

remez,  Igis,  m.  3,  rower. 
[remus.] 

re-mitto,  misi,  missum,  v.  a. 
3,  send  hack,  relax,  [mitto.] 

remuB,  i,  m.  2,  oar. 


VOCABULARY. 


149 


re-n6vo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

renew,     [novus.] 
reor,  ratus,  v.  dep.  2,  think. 

[res.] 
repens,     tis,    adj.,    sudden -, 

also  as  adv. ,  suddenly. 
rfipente ,  adv. ,  suddenly,    [re  - 

pens.] 
repentinus,     a,     um,     adj., 

sudden,     [repens.] 
repferio,    repperi,    repertum, 

V.  a.  A,  find,     [pario.] 
re-peto,  ivi  or  li,  itum,  v.  a. 

3,  return  to.     [peto.] 
re-pugno,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 

resist,     [pugna.] 
reputo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.   1, 

consider,  [puto.] 
res,  rei,  f.  5,  thing,  eventy  cir- 
cumstances; res  Romana, 
the  Roman  power  or  for- 
tune ;  res  nautica,  naval 
operations,  the  fleet. 
re-scindo,  scidi,  scissum,  v.  a. 

3,  break  down,     [scindo.] 
re-sisto,  stlti,  v.  n.  3,  resist 
(w.     DAT.),     stand    firm. 
fsisto.] 
re-solvo,  solvi,  solutum,  v.  a. 

3,  let  loose,     [solvo.] 
re-spergo,  si,  sum,  v.  a.  3, 

besprinkle,     [spargo.] 
re-spiro,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 

breathe,     [spiro.] 
re-spondeo,  di,  sum,  v.  n.  2, 

answer,     [spondeo.] 
re-sponsum,  i,  n.  2,  answer. 

[respondeo.] 
res-puWica,  rei-publicae,  f.  1, 
statCy  commonwealth,    [res, 
publicus.] 
re-stituo,  ui,  iitum,  v.  a.  3, 
restore,     [statuo.] 


re-sto,  stiti,  no  sup.,  v.  n.  1, 

remain,     [sto.] 
retinaculum,   i,   n.  2,  cable. 

[retineo.] 
re-tineo,  tinni,  tentum,  v.  a. 

2,  hold  back,     [teneo.] 
re  tralio,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3, 

drag  back,     [traho.] 
retro,  adv.,  back,     [re.] 
re-voco,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 

recall,     [voco.] 
rex,  regis,  m.  3,  king,    [rego.] 
Rhodanus,  i,  m.  2,  the  Rhone. 

See  Map. 
rideo,  si,  sum,  v.  n.  2,  laugh. 
rigeo,  ui,  v.  n.  2,  be  stiff. 
rigor,   oris,    m.   3,    stiffness. 

[rigeo.] 
ripa,   ae,   f.    1,    bank  (of    a 

river), 
risus,    us,    m.    4,    laughter. 

[rideo.] 
rite,  adv.,  duly.    [cp.  ritus.] 
rivus,  i,  m.  2,  stream. 
rotour,  5ris,  n.  3,  endurancCy 

the  strongest  part  (also  in 

plur. ). 
Roma,  ae,  f.  1,  Rorne. 
Romanus,  a,  um, adj.,  Roman. 

[Roma.] 
Rufus,  i,  m.  2,  a  Roman  sur- 
name,    [lit.,  red-haired.^ 
ruina,   ae,  f.    1,  fodly  ruin. 

[ruo.] 
rumor,  Oris,  m.  3,  report. 
rumpo,  rupi,  ruptum,  v.  a.  3, 

break. 
ruo,  rui,  rGtum,  v.  n.  3, /aa, 

rush. 
rupes,  is,  f.  3,  rock,    [rumpo  ] 
ruptor,  oris,  m.   3,  breaker. 

[rumpo.  ] 
rursus,  adv.,  again. 


150 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


sacri-fico,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.  1, 
sacrifice,     [sacrum,  facio.] 

sacrum,  i,  n.  2,  festival ;  in 
plur.,  sacrifice,     [sacer.] 

saevio,  ii,  itum,  v.  n.  4,  act 
cruelly,     [saevus.] 

Sa^ntinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of 
Sagnntum ;  Saguntini,  Sa- 
guntincH.     [Saguntum.] 

Sagnintum,  i,  n.  2,  a  town  in 
Spain.  /See  Map.  [Zd»cu»'^os.] 

saltus,  us,  m.  4,  pass,  forest. 

salus,  litis,  f.  3,  safety. 
[salveo.] 

8aluta,ris,  e,  adj.,  advan- 
tageous,    [salus.] 

salvus,  a,  um,  adj.,  safe. 

Salyes,  um,  m.  3  (plur.),  a 
people  of  the  Maritime 
Alps.     See  Map. 

sanguis,  Inis,  m.  3,  blood, 
family. 

sarcina,  ae,  f.  1,  burden, 
baggage,     [sarcio.  ] 

Sardi,  orum,  m.  2  (plur.), 
the  Sardinians. 

Sardinia,  ae,  f.  1,  an  island 
in  the  Mediterranean.  See 
Map. 

s§.tis,  adv.,  enough,  quite. 

satis-facio,  facere,  feci,  fac- 
tum, V.  n.  3,  give  satisfac- 
tion, apologize  (w.  dat.  ). 
[satis,  facio.] 

saxum,  i,  n.  2,  roch,  stone. 

scio,  scivi  or  scii,  scitum,  v. 
a.  4,  know. 

Scipio,  onis,  m.  3,  a  Roman 
surname. 

sciscltor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  en- 
quire,    [scio.] 

scribo,  psi,  ptum,  v.  a.  3, 
write. 


scutum,  i,  n.  2,  shield. 

se,  sui,  pron.  reflect,  ace, 
himself,  herself,  itself,  them- 
selves. 

secessio,  onis,  f.  3,  with- 
drawal,    [se-cedo.  ] 

s6co,  cui,  ctum,  v.  a.  1, 
cut. 

se-cretus,  a,  um,  adj.,  apart. 
[se-cerno.] 

se-cum,  for  cum  se. 

secundum,  prep.,  following, 
down  (the  stream),  accord- 
ing to.     [sequor.] 

sScundus,  a,  um,  adj.,  second; 
favourable  ;  secundae  res, 
prosperity,     [sequor.  ] 

securus,  a,  um,  adj.,  safe. 
[se,  cura.] 

secHtus,  partic.  of  sequor. 

sed,  conj.,  but. 

sedecim,  num.  indecl.,  six- 
teen,    [sex,  decem.] 

sedeo,  sedi,  sessum,  v.  n.  2, 
sit,  remain. 

sedes,  is,  f.  3,  sea^,  aXwde. 

sedo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  quiet. 
[cp.  sedeo  ] 

segnis,  e,  adj.,  lazy. 

se^lter,  adv.,  lazily;  com- 
par.  segnius. 

se-gr6go,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
separate,     [grex.] 

sfimel,  adv.,  once. 

se-mestris,  e,  adj.,  of  six 
months'  standing.  [sex, 
mensis.] 

se-met  =  se. 

semper,  adv.,  always. 

Sempronius,  ii,  m.  2,  a  Roman 
clan  name. 

senSLtor,  oris,  m.  3,  a  senator. 
[senatus.] 


VOCABULABY. 


151 


senatus,  us,  m.  4,  the  senate. 

[senex.] 
sensim,      adv.,      gradually. 

[sentio.] 
sentio,  sensi,  sensum,  v.  a.  4, 

feel,  perceive. 
separatim,  adv.,  apart,     [se- 

paro.] 
sepeUo,   ivi  or  ii,  sepultum, 

V.  a.  4,  bury. 

septem,  numeral  indecl.  ,seven. 

septm  genti,  ae,  a,  numeral, 

seven    hundred.      [septem, 

centum.] 

sfequor,   secutus,  v.    dep.   •>, 

follow. 
series,    ei,    f.    5,   succession. 

[sero,  Ijoiyi.] 
Serranus,  i,  m.  2,  a  Roman 

surname,     [sero,  /  sow.\ 
Servilius,  ii,  m.  2,  a  Roman 

clan  name, 
servo,    avi,    atum,   v.   a.    l, 

keep,  preserve. 
servus,  i,  m.  2,  slave. 
se-se  =  se. 

sen,  conj .,or  if.     [  =  si ve. ] 
sex,  numeral  indecl. ,  six. 
sexaginta,   numeral   indecl., 
sixty,     [sex.]  . 

sex-centi,  ae,  a,  numeral,  six 
hundred,     [sex,  centum.] 

si,  conj.,  if. 

sic,  adv.,  so,  thus,  as  tt  icas. 

siccus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dry;  sic- 

cum,  a  dry  place. 
SiciUa,  ae,  f.  1,  Sicily,     bee 

Map. 
sic-ut,  conj.,  as.     [ut.J 
sidus,  eris,  n.  3,  constellation. 
signi-fer,    6ra,    erum,     adj., 

standard  bearer,    [signum, 

fero.] 


signlfico,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
make     hiowii.       [signum, 

facio.] 
signum,   i,    n.   2,    standard, 

signal. 
silentium,   ii,   n.   2,    silence. 

[sileo.] 
sXlex,  Icis,  m.  3,  flint. 
silva,  ae,  f.  \,  forest. 
simiUs,  e,  adj.,  like  (w.  dat.). 
simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time; 

also  conj.,  as  soon  as. 
simulo,   avi,  atum,   v.   a.    1, 

pretend,     [similis.] 
sine,  prep.  w.  abl.,  without. 
singuli,  ae,  a,  adj.,  one  each. 
sinister,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  tejt. 
sino,    sivi,    situm,   v.   a.    3, 

allow. 
sinus,  us,  m.  4,  fold. 
situs,  us,  m.  4,  position,  [smo.  J 
situs,   a,   um,  adj.,  situated. 

[sino.] 
societas,  atis,  f.  3,  alliance. 

[socius.]  .  . 

socio,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  join. 

[socius.  ] 
socius,  ii,  m.  2,  ally  ;  navales 

socii,  crews  of  ships. 
sol,  is,  m.  3,  sun. 
soleo,  solltus,  sum,  v.  n.  -, 

be  accustomed. 
solltus,  a,  um,  partic,  usual; 

solitum,  usual  {thing),    [so- 

soU-ers,     tis,     adj.,     skilfd. 

[ars.] 
solli  cito,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  i, 

disturb,  tempt.    [solhcitus.J 
soUi-citus,     a,     um,      adj., 

anxious,     [cieo.] 
solum,  adv.,  only,     [solus. J 
solum,  i,  n.  2,  ground. 


152 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


sOlus,  a,  uin,  adj.,  alone. 

solvo,  solvi,  solutum,  v.  a.  3, 
loose,     [se,  luo.] 

somnus,  i,  m.  2,  sleep. 

sdnus,  i,  m.  2,  sound,  noise. 

sors,  sortis,  f.  3,  lot.     [sero, 
I  join.] 

sospes,  Itis,  adj.,  safe. 

spargro,    SL,    sum,    v.    a.   3, 
scatte7\ 

spartum,  i,  n.  2,  esparto  grass 
(used  for  ropes,  etc. ). 

spatium,   ii,   n.    2,    iiUervaly 
distance. 

species,  ei,  f.  5,  appearance. 
[specio.  ] 

speciosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  bril- 
liant,    [species.  ] 

spectaculum,    i,   n.  2,  sight. 
[specto.] 

spectator,  Oris,  m.  3,  looker- 
on,     [specto.] 

specto,  avi,  atura,  v.  a.  1,  look 
at,  have  in  view,      [specio.  ] 

specula,  ae,  f.  1,  loatch-iower. 
[specio.] 

speculator,  oris,  m.  3,  scoiU. 
[speculor.] 

speculatorius,   a,    um,    adj., 
for  exploring ;  speculatoria, 
ae,   as   subst.,  a   vessel   of 
observation,     [speculor.] 

speculor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  ex- 
plore,    [specula.  ] 

spero,   avi,   atum,    v.   a.     I, 
hope,     [spes.] 

spes,  ei,  f.  5,  hope. 

spirltus,   us,    m.    4,    breath. 
[spiro.] 

spdlio,   avi,    atum,   v.   a.    1, 
strip^  plunder,     [spolium.] 

sponte,  abl.,  as  adv.,  volun- 
tarily,    [spondeo.] 


stabilis,  e,  sAy, fixed,    [sto.] 

statim,  adv.,  immediately. 

statio,  Ouis,  f.  3,  position^ 
guard-post,     [sto.] 

stativus,  a,  um,  adj.,  station- 
ary ;  stativa  (castra),  per- 
manent camp,     [sto.] 

statue,  ui,  utum,  v.  a.  3, 
place,  set  up ;  determine. 
[status.] 

status,  us,  m.  4,  position,  con- 
dition,    [sto;] 

stemo,  stravi,  stratum,  v.  a. 
3,  lay  doivn,  extend. 

stimulo,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
incite,  urge  on.    [stimulus.  ] 

stipendium,  ii,  n.  2,  pay,  tri- 
bute ;  campaign,     [stipis.] 

stirps,  pis,  f.  3,  root. 

sto,  steti,  sttltum,  v.  ii.  1, 
stand,  remain,  lie  at 
anchor. 

stolidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  stupid. 
[cp.  stultus.] 

strages,  is,  f.  3,  defeat. 
[stemo.] 

strepltus,  us,  m.  4,  noise. 
[strepo.] 

strepo,  ui,  Itum,  v.  n.  3,  make 
a  noise,  resound. 

strlngo,  inxi,  ictum,  v.  a.  3, 
draw  (a  sword). 

Btructflra,  ae,  f.  1,  building. 
[struo.] 

suadeo,  suasi,  suasum,  v.  a. 
and  n.  2,  advise. 

sua  pte  =  sua. 

suasor,  Oris,  m.  3,  supporter. 
[suadeo.] 

Bub,  prep.  w.  acc.  or  abl., 
under— (\)  w.  acc,  sub 
noctem,  at  nightfall ;  (2) 
w.  ABL.,  under. 


VOCABULARY, 


153 


sub-do,  d6re,  dldi,  dltum,  v. 

a.  3,  plunge  into,     [do.] 
sub-eo,  ii,  itum,  v.  a. ,  go  under, 

approach,  undergo.     [eo.J 
BUb-igo,  egi,  actum,  v.  a.  3, 

subdue,     [ago.] 
sub  iicio,  iicere,  ieci,  lectum, 

\.  9^.'^,  place  under,   [lacio.] 
Bub-inde,   adv.,   immediately 

after,     [inde.] 
BUbito,  adv. ,  suddenly,    [su  b- 

itus.] 
Bubitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sudden. 

[subeo,  come  up.] 
BUb-latus,  partic.  of  tollo. 
BUb-ruo,  ui,  tttum,  v.  a.  3, 

undermine,     [ruo.] 
Bub-Bidium,  ii,  n.  2    reserve, 

fnnyport.     [sub,  sedeo.] 
BUb-sisto,  stiti,  stitum,  v.  n. 

3,  stand  still,     [sisto.] 
Bub-vebo,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  6, 

bring  up.     [veho.] 
BUC-cessuB,  us,  m.  4,  sw:cess. 

[succedo.]  ^ 

suf-flcio,  ficere,  feci,  fectum, 

V.   a.    3,   appoint    instead. 

[sub,  facio.] 
8Uin,esse,fui,no.sup.,v.n.,oe. 

Buinmum,     adv.,     at    most. 

[summus.] 
summus,  a,  um,  adj.,  super- 
Isit.,  highest,  greatest;  sum- 
mus mons,   the  top  of  the 
mountain,     [superus.] 
sumo,  mpsi,  mptum,  v.  a.  6, 

take,     [emo.]    , 
sue  met  =  suo. 

BupeUex,  lectllis,  f.  3,  house- 
hold goods. 
super,  prep.  w.  acc,  above, 
over,   besides ;   alius  super 
alium,  one  after  another. 


superbus,  a,um,  adj.  ,hau{)hty. 

[super.] 
superior,   us,   adj.   compar., 

upper,     [superus.] 
Bupero,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.   1, 
overcome,      surpass,     sur- 
mount,    [super.] 
Buper-sfideo,  sedi,  sessum,  v. 

n.  2,  <mit.     [sedeo.] 
Buper-Bum,  esse,  fui,  no  sup., 

V.  n.,  survive. 
sup-plex,  Icis,  m.  Z,supphanl. 
[sub,  plico.]        ^  „    ,        f 
Bup-plicatio,  onis,  f.  3,  day  oj 
public  prayer.     [supplico.J 
Bup-plicium,  ii,  n.  2,  punish- 
ment,    [supplex.] 
sup-primo,   pressi,   pressum, 
V.  a.  3,  sink  (a  ship),    [sub, 
premo.]  ^ 

supra,  prep.  w.  acc,  above, 
beyond,   more   than,      [su- 
perus.] 
Bur-go,  surrexi.  surrectuni,  v. 

n.  3,  rise,     [sub,  rego.] 
Bus-cipio,   cipere,    cepi,   cep- 
tum,  V.  a.  3,  umlertake,  take 
upon  wie self     [sub   capio.] 
su-spectus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sus- 
pected,   mistrusted.       [su- 
spicio.] 
sus-tineo,  ui>  tentum,  v.  a. 

2,  hold  up,  support. 
8UU8,  a,  um,  possess,  pron., 
his  own,  her  otvn.  Us  own, 
their  own.     [se.] 

tabes,  is,  f.  3,  malting  sub- 
stance, slush,     [tabeo.] 

tabulatum,  i,  n.  2,  story  (of 
a  house),     [tabula.] 

tacitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sUent. 
[taceo.] 


154 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR, 


taedium,  ii,  n.  2,  weariness. 

[taedet.] 
taeter,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  hor- 
rible. 
Taffus,    i,    m.    2,    the    river 

Taqus  in  Spain, 
talentum,  i,  n.  2,  a  talent,  a 
sum    oJF    money    equal    to 
about  £240. 
talis,  8,  adj.,  nuch. 
tam,  adv.,  so. 

tamen,  adv. ,  nevertheless,  how- 
ever,    [tarn.] 
tandem,  ad  v.  ,a^  length,  [tam.  ] 
tango,  tetigi,  tactum,  v.  a.  3, 

touch. 
Tannetum,  i,  n.  2,  a  village 
of  North  Italy.      See  Map. 
tan-quam,   adv.,  as  it  ivere, 

as  if.     [tam,  quam.] 
tanto,    adv.,    by    so    much. 

[tantus.] 
tantum,  adv.,  .so  much,  only. 

[tantus.] 
tantus,  a,  um,  adj.,  so  much, 

so  great,     [tam.] 
Tarentum,  i,  n.  2,  a  town  in 

South  Italy. 
Tarraco,  Onis,   f.    3,    Tarra- 
gona,   a    town    in    Spain. 
See  Map. 
Taurini,  orum,  m.  2  (plur.), 
a    tribe    of    North    Italy. 
See  Map. 
tectum,  i,  n.  2,  house,  shelter. 

[tego.] 
tecum,  for  cum  te. 
tegmen,  Inis,  n.  3,  covering. 

[tego.] 
tfigo,  xi,  ctura,  v.  a.  3,  cover, 

shelter. 
tegumentum,  i,  u.  2,  covering. 
[tego.  J 


telum,  i,  n.  2,  weapon,  mis- 
sile. 
temgre,  adv.,  rashly,  hastily. 
temeritas,  atis,  f.  3,  rashness. 

[temere.] 
temperans,    tis,   adj.,   m^e- 

rate,     [tempero.] 
tempestas,  atis,  f.  3,  storm. 

[tempus.] 
tempus,  6ria,  n.  3,  time. 
teneo,  ui,  tum,  v.  a.  2,  hold, 
bind,  occupy,  reach  (a  port), 
tento,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  at- 
tempt,    [tendo.] 
tentorium,     ii,     n.     2,    tent. 

[tendo.] 
tenuB,  prep.  w.  abl.,  as  far 
as,  up  to  (stands  after  its 
case). 
Terentius,  ii,  m.  2,  a  Roman 

clan  name, 
tergum,    i,    n.    2,    back;    ab 

tergo,  behind. 
terminus,  i,  m.  2,  limit. 
tero,  trivi,  tritum,  v.  a.   3, 

wear,  vyaste. 
terra,  ae,  f.    1,  earth,  land. 

[cp.  torreo,  /  dry.  ] 
terreo,    ui,    itum,   v.    a.    2, 

frighten. 
terrestris,  e,  adj.,  on  land; 
terrestres      copiae,      land 
forces,     [terra.] 
terror,     oris,     m.     3,    fear. 

[terreo.] 
tertius,  a,  um,  numeral  adj., 

third,     [tres.  ] 
Ti.,  abbreviation  for  Tiberius, 

a  Roman  name. 
Ticinus,    i,    m.    2,   the  river 

Ticino.     See  Map. 
timeo,  ui,  no  sup.,  v.  a.   2, 
fear. 


VOCABULARY. 


155 


timldus,  a,  um,  ad]., /mr/wZ, 

faint-hearted,     [timeo.] 
Umor,  oris,  m.  3,  fear,     [ti- 

vneo.]  .. 

tiro,  onis,  m.  3,  recruit ;  as 

adj.,  tiro  exercitus,  a  newly 

levied  army. 
titubo,   avi,   atum,  v.   n.    i, 

stumble. 
toga,  ae,f.l,f707C^' the  futer 

garment  of  a  Roman  citizen, 

of  white  woollen  stuff. 
toiero,   avi,   atum,   v.   a.    i, 

endure,     [cp.  tuli.] 
toUo,  sustuli,  sublatum,  y.  a. 

3  rai^e,  take  away,  destroy. 
toriientum,  i,  n.  2,  torture. 

Sdu8,a,um,adj,;jarr^e^^^ 
pinched  (with  cold),  [tor- 
reo.] 

tot,adj.,  indecl.,sowawy. 

toties,  adv.,  «o  mxiny  tim^s. 

[tot.]  ,.  ,       ; 

totus,  a,  um,  ad].,»t'We. 
tara-do,  dldi,  dltum,  v    a.  6, 
deliver  up  ;  report,    [trans, 

traduce,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  6, 

lead  across,     [trans,  duco.] 

tragula,    ae,    f.    1,   .?«^-e^"^- 

trlSo^^xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3,  draio, 
drag  ;  protract.        , 

tra-iicio,  iicere,  leci,  lectum, 
v. a.  and n.  3,  conrey  across; 

qo  across,     [iacio.] 
trames,  itis,  m.  3,  path 
tranquiUitas,  atis,  f .  .^,  «"" 

ncis.     [tranquillus.] 
trans,  prep.  w.  acc    across, 

on  the  other  side  oj. 


tran-Bcendo,  di,  sum,  v.  a.  3, 

cro.s.s' (mountains).  [scando.J 
trans-eo,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  v.  a. 

andn.,  go  across,     [eo.] 
trans-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum, 

v.  a.  3,  remold.     [fero.J 
trans  figo,  xi,  xum,  v.  a.  6, 

pierce,     [figo.] 
trans-ffiga,  ae,  m.  1,  deserter. 

[fugio.]  ,     .    . 

trans-fiigio,  fugere    fu£,  fu- 
gltum,     v.     n.     3,    aeseri. 

f  fugio.] 

trans  gredior,  gr6di,  gressus 
v.  dep.  3,  cross,    [gradior.] 

trans-itus,  us,  m.  4,  passage. 
[transeo.] 

trans  mitto,  misi,  missum,  v. 
n.  3,  cross  over;  origin- 
ally transitive,  cp.  traucio. 
[mitto.]  , 

Trasumennus,  i,  m.  A   lane 

Trasimene  in  Etruria. 
Trebia,  ae,f.  l,ariverof  N. 

Italy.     -See  Map. 
tre-cei,   ae,   a,   distributive 

nvimeTa.Uhreehundredeach. 
tre-centl,     ae,    a,    numeral, 

three  hundred. 
tremo,  ui,  no  sup.,  v.  n.   rf, 

tremble. 
trepidatio,  onis,  f.  3,  panic. 

[trepido.] 
trepido,  avi,  atum,  v.  n.   i, 

hurry,  be  in  a  panic     L^re- 

pidus.]  ,.     . 

trepidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  t«  con- 

fiision,  in  a  panic. 
tres,  tria,  numeral,  three. 
trlarii,    orum,   m.  2  ^piur.), 

the  men  of  the  third  rank 

(in  the  legion).    Seedn.l^, 

note  2.     [tres.] 


156 


THE  EANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


tribunus,  i,  m.  2,  tribune; 
tribunus  plebis,  a  Roman 
magistrate  {see  Introd. 
p.  xiii.) ;  tribunus  militum, 
an  officer  in  the  Roman 
army, 
tri-duum,  i,  n.  2,  a  period  of 

three  days,     [tres,  dies.] 
tri-ennlum,  ii,  n.  2,aperiodof 
three  years,     [tres,  annus.] 
trig^nta,     numeral     indecl.. 

thirty,     [tres.] 
tri  pertito,     adv.,     in    three 

divisions,     [tres,  partior.] 
tri-pudium,  ii,  n.  2,  dance. 
tristis,  e,  adj.,  sad,  gloomy. 
triumphus,  i,  m.  2,  triiunph, 
the     solemn     entry    of    a 
general  into  Rome  after  a 
victory, 
trium-viri,  orum,  m.  2  (phir.), 
board    of    three,    commis- 
sioners,    [tres,  vir.] 
trucido,  avi,  atum,  v.   a.   1, 

slay,  massacre. 
tu,    tui,    pers.    pron.,    Ihoti, 

plural,  vos. 
tueor,  tuitus,  v.  dep.   2,  de- 
fend. 
tiiU,  perf.  of  fero. 
turn,  adv.,  then. 
tumultuarius,    a,   um,    adj., 
imurqent,      irregular      (of 
troops,  etc.)      [tumultus.] 
tumultus,  us,  m.  4,  insurrec- 
tion, disturbance,  irregular 
attack,     [cp.  tumeo.] 
tumulus,  i,  m.  2,  hUl.     [tu- 
meo.] 
tunc,  adv.,  then. 
turba,   ae,  f.   1,  crowd,  con- 
fusion. 
turbo,    avi,   atum,   v.   a.    ], 


disturb,  throw  into  confusion. 
[turba.  ] 

turrls,  is,  f.  3,  tower. 

tutamentum,  i,  n.  2,  protec- 
tion,    [tutor.] 

tutor,  atus,  v.  dep.  I,  protect. 
[tutus.] 

tutus,  a,  um,  adj.,  safe. 
[tueor.] 

tuus,  a,  um,  possessive  pron., 
thy,  thine,     [tu.] 

ubi,  conj.,  when,  where. 
ubi-que,     adv.,     everywhere. 

[ubi.] 
ullus,  a,  um,  adj.,  any  (with 

negative). 
ulterior,    us,    compar.    adj., 

further,  on  the  other  side. 

[ultra.] 
ultimus,  a,  um,  superl.  adj., 

furthest,      last,       extreme. 

[ultra.] 
ultra,  prep.  w.  acc,  beyond, 

on  the  other  side  of-,   also 

as  Hiiv.,  further,  sometimes 

followed  by  quam.    [ille.] 
ultro,  adv.,  unasked,  unpro- 
voked.    See  ch.  39,  note  5. 

[cp.  ultra.] 
uluiatus,  us,  m.  4,  yell,  [ululo.] 
umbra,  ae,  f.  1,  shadow. 
Umbria,  ae,  f.  1,  a  district  of 

Central  Italy.     See  Map. 
unde,     adv.,    from     which, 

whence. 
undi-que,     adv.,    from     all 

sides,     [unde.] 
unicus,  a,   um,   adj.,  single, 

only,     [unus.] 
uni versus,   a,    um,  adj.,   all 

together,  all  with  one  accord. 

[unus,  verto.] 


VOCABULARY. 


157 


un-quam,  adv.,  ever. 

unus,  a,   um,  numeral,  one, 
alone  ;  ad  ununi,  to  a  man. 

unus-quisque,     una-quaeque, 
unum-quodque,  each  one. 

urbs,  is,  f.  3,  city. 

urgeo,  si,  no  sup.,  v.  a.  -^, 
press  upon,  coiifne. 

UB-quam,  adv.,  anywhere. 

usque,  adv.,  continuously; 
usque  ad,  as  far  as  ;  usque 
adeo,  to  such  an  extent. 

usus,  us,  m.  4,  use,  employ- 
ment,    [utor.] 

ut,  conj.  and  adv.— (1)  with 
indie,  as,  when;  (2)  with 
subj.,  in  order  that  (final), 
(so)  that  (consecutive),  that 
(after  verbs  of  command) ; 
(3)  as  adv.,  hou). 
uter,  tra,  trum,  pron.,  ivhicJi 
of  the  two,  whichever  of  the 

two. 
uter-que,    utra-que,    utrum- 

que,  pron.,  each  of  the  two, 

both. 
uti,  for  ut. 
utl-nam,  adv.,  0  that!  I  wish 

that,      [ut,  how.] 
uti-que,  adv.,  anyhow,  at  any 

rate,     [ut,  how.] 
utor,  usus,  V.  dep.  3,  -use  (w. 

ABL.)-  ^  ,,     .  , 

utrin-que,  adv.,  on  both  sides. 

["ter.] 
utrum,  adv.,  tvhether,  intro- 
ducing   double    questions, 
direct  or  indirect,  answered 
by  *an.'     [uter.] 

Vaccaei,  orum,  m.  2  (plur.), 
a  people  of  Spain,  on  the 
river  Douro.     See  Map. 


vacuus,  a,  um,  adj.,  empty. 
vado,  no  perf,  or  sup.,  v.  n. 

vadum,     i,    n.     2,     shallow, 

shoal. 
vagina,  ae,  f.  1,  sheath. 
vagor,  atus,  v.  dep.  1,  wan- 
der,    [vagus.] 
vagus,  a,  um,  adj.,  wander- 
ing. 
v&leo,  ui,  itura,  v.  n.  2,  pre- 
vail, have  influence. 
validus,  a,  um,  adj.,  strong. 

[valeo.] 
vallum,    i,    n.    2,    rampart. 

[cp.  vallus,  a  stake.] 
varie,  adv.,  w  different  ways. 

[varius.] 
varius,  a,  um,  adj.,  c/ia«(/»jgr, 

different. 
vas,  vasis,  n.  3,  utensil ;  (in 

plur.),  baggage. 
vastatio,  Onis,  f.  3,  devasta- 
tion,    [vasto.] 
vasto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  lay 

waste. 
vastus,  a,  um,  adj.,  desolate, 

immense. 

vates,  is,  m.  3,  prophet. 

-v6,  enclitic,  or. 

vecto,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  con- 
vey,    [veho.] 

vfiho,  xi,  ctum,  v.  a.  3,  carry; 
(in  pass.)  ride. 

vel,  conj.,  or;  even.  [cp. 
volo.]  . 

velut,  adv.,   as  it  were,  just 

as,  as  if. 
veluti,  for  velut. 
v6nia,     ae,     f.     1,    pardon, 

favour. 
v6nio,  veni,  ventum,  v.  n.  4, 

come. 


158 


THE  HANNIBALIAN  WAR. 


ventus,  i,  m.  2,  wind. 
vepres,    is,    m.    3,    hramhle- 

bush. 
ver,  veris,  n.  3,  apring. 
verbum,  i,  n.  2,  xoord. 
vereor,    veritus,    v.    dep.   2, 

fear. 
Vergiliae,  arum,  f.  1  (plur.), 

the   Pleiads.      See  cli.   65, 

note  4. 
vergo,  no  perf.  or  sup. ,  v.  n. 

3,  incline,  be  situated. 
vernus,  a,  uni,  adj.,  of  spring. 

[ver.] 
vero,  adv.,  (1)  truly,  indeed, 

compar.     verius ;     (2)  but. 

[verus.] 
verto,  ti,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  turn, 

direct. 
verun-tamen,  conj.,  however. 

[verum,  tameu.] 
vester,    tra,    truni,    posHess. 

pron. ,  your,  yours  (address- 
ing more  than  one  person). 

[vos.] 
vestigium,  ii,  n.  2,  footprint, 

step.     [vestigo.J 
vestimentum,    i,    n.    2,    gar- 
ment,    [vestio.] 
vestio,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  v.  a.  4, 

clothe,  cover,     [vestis.] 
vestis,  is,  f.  3,  clothing. 
veterSnus,   a,    um,    adj.,   of 

long      standing,      veteran. 

[vetns.] 
v6tU8,  eris,  adj.,  old. 
vetustus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ancient. 

fvetus.] 
via,  ae,  f.  1,  v)ay,  road. 
vibro,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    1, 

brandish. 
victlma,     ae,    f.     1,     victim, 

sacrijice. 


victor,  oris,  m.  3,  conqueror ; 

also     as    adj.,    victorious. 

[vinco.] 
victoria,    ae,    f.     1,    victory. 

[vinco.] 
victrix,    icis,    adj.    f.,   victo- 

rious ;    also  used  in  neut. 

plur.     [victor.] 
vicus,  i,  m.  2,  village. 
video,  vidi,   visum,   v.  a.  2, 

see  ;  (in  passive),  seem. 
vigeo,  no  perf.  or  sup.,  v.  n. 

2,  be  vigorous, 
ylgil,  is,  m.  3,  sentinel. 
vigilia,    ae,   f.    1,    watch,    a 

division  of  the  night,  among 

the  Romans  a  fourth  part ; 

in  plur.  ,sleeplessness.  [vigil.  ] 
viginti,      numeral      indecl. , 

twenty. 
vilis,  e,  adj.,  worthless. 
vinco,  vici,  victum,  v.  a.  3, 

conquer. 
vinculum,     i,    n.    2,     bond, 

fastening,     [vincio.] 
vindico,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.   1, 

claim,  win. 
vinea,  ae,  f.   1,  shelter.     See 

ch.  10,  note  2.    [vinum.] 
violentus,    a,   um,    adj.,  im- 
petuous,    [violo.] 
violo,    avi,    atum,    v.    a.    I, 

break,  violate,     [vis.] 
vir,  viri,  m.  2,  mail. 
virgultum,   i,   a.   2,   thicket. 

[virga.] 
virtus,   utis,  f.  3,  manliness, 

excellence,     [vir.] 
vis,  ace.   vim,   abl.   vi,  f.   3, 

force,    quantify,     number ; 

plur.   vires,  ium,  strength. 
viso,  si,  sum,  v.  a.  3,  surrey ^ 

go  to  see,  visit,     [video.] 


VOCABULARY. 


159 


visus,     us,     m.     4,     aspect. 

[video.] 
vita,  ae,  f.  1,  life,     [vivo.] 
vitium,  ii,  n.  2,  fault. 
vitulus,  i,  m.  2,  calf. 
vivo,  xi,  ctum,  v.  n.  3,  live. 
vix,  adv.,  scarcely. 
vix-dum,  adv.,   scarcely  yet. 

[vix.]  . 

vobis-cum,  for  cum  vobis. 
voco,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1,  call. 
Volcae,   arum,  m.   1  (plur.), 

a  people  of  Southern  Gaul. 

See  Map. 
v6lo,  velle,  ui,  no  sup.,  v.  a., 

wish. 


vor&go,  Inis,  f.  3,  gulf. 
[voro.] 

vos,  vestri,  or  vestrum,  pers. 
pron.  (plur.),  you  (ad- 
dressing more  than  one 
person). 

v6tum,  i,  n.  2,  vow,  prayer. 
[voveo.] 

voveo,  vovi,  votum,  v.  a.  2, 
vow. 

vox,  vocis,  f.  3,  voice,    [voco.] 

vulnfiro,  avi,  atum,  v.  a.  1, 
wound,     [vulnus.] 

vulnus,  eris,  n.  3,  wound. 

vultus,  us,  m.  4,  face,  ex- 
pression. 


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Book  IV.    By  Rev.  E  D.  Stone,  M.A. 
Book  V.    By  Rev.  G.  H.  Nall.  M.A. 
Book  VI.    By  Rev.  G.  H.  Nall,  M.A 
Book  VII.    By  Rev.  G.  H.  Nall,  M.A. 

SELECTIONS   FROM   BOOK   IV.     With  Exercises.       By  Rev.  E.  D. 
Stone,  M.A. 

SELECTIONS    FROM  THE   CYROPAEDIA.    Exercises.     By  A.  H. 
Cooke,  M.A. 

TALES    FROM    THE    CYROPAEDIA.     With  Exercises.     By  C.  H. 
Kebnb,  M.A. 


SELECTIONS    ILLUSTR.\TIVE    OF    GREEK    LIFE, 
Kekne,  MA. 


By   C.   H. 


The  following  contain  Introductions  and  Notes,  but  no  Vocabulary  :— 

CICER0.-SELE(;T  letters.    Bj  Rev.  G.  E.  Jeans.  MA. 

HERODOTUS.-SE LECTIONS    FROM    BOOKS    VII.    and  VIII.    Thb 
Expedition  op  Xerxbs.    By  A.  H.  Cookk,  M.A. 

HORACE.-SE LECTIONS    FROM    THE    SATIRES    AND   EPISTLES. 
By  Rev.  W.  J.  V.  Bakbr,  M.A. 

SELECT  EPODES  AND  ARS  POETICA.    By  H.  A.  Dalton.  M.A. 

PLATO —EUTHYPHRO    AND    MENEXENUS.      By  C.   E.    Graves, 
M.A. 

TERENCE. -SCENES  FROM  THE  ANDRIA.    By  F.  W. Cornish,  M.A., 

Vice-Provost  of  Eion. 

THE    GREEK    ELEGIAC    POETS.- FROM    CALLINUS    TO    CALLI- 
MACHUS.    Selected  by  Rtw.  Hbrbert  Kynaston,  D.D. 

THUCYDIDES.-BOOK  IV.    Chaps.     M     THE  CAPTURE  OF  SPHAC- 
TERIA.    By  C.  E.  Graves,  M.A. 


MACMILLAN    AND    CO.,    Ltd.,    LONDON. 


N.  10.3.10 


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